AP Biology Unit 1: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

(CHO)

-monomer: monosaccharide(energy source), -polymer: disaccharide, polysaccharide

-glucose/fructose: C6H12O6

• 1:2:1 ratio

-When two monosaccharides are joined bond - glycosidic linkage/bond

functions:

• fast energy source

• storage(starch in plants, glycogen in animals)

• cellulose in cell walls(structural support)

• chitin in exoskeletons

Lipids

(CHO) + P(Phospholipids)

-triglyceride

-steroids

-phospholipid

-fatty acids

Function:

• long-term energy storage

• Phospholipids in cell membrane

• cholesterol

• insulation, protect organs

Proteins

(CHON +S(in some R-groups))

-monomer: amino acid, -polymer: polypeptide

-side chain/r-group polarity affects whether an amino acid is is more hydrophobic or hydrophilic

-amino acids can be hydrophobic(nonpolar and uncharged), hydrophilic(polar and uncharged), and ionic(polar and charged)

-Structures of a protein: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Functions:

• antibody proteins(immune system)

• protein channels

• most enzymes are proteins

Primary structure(proteins)

The linear sequence/order of the amino acids.

Secondary structure(proteins)

When the polypeptide begins to twist into an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary structure(proteins)

Quaternary structure(proteins)

Nucleic Acids

(CHONP)

-monomer: nucleotide, -polymer: nucleic acid

Function:

• DNA/RNA are nucleic acids

• genes code for traits

Properties of H20 due to H-bonding

-excellent solvent

-ice is less dense than liquid water

-high surface tension

-high heat vaporization

-high heat capacity: key to temperature regulation in organisms

surface tension

Water

-polar covalent bond

-H-bonding with other water molecules

Covalent Bond

-strong bond

-chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms

Hydrogen Bond

-weak bond

-bond between a hydrogen atom and a more electronegative molecule

Ionic Bond

formed between 2 atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Cohesion

water sticks to water

Adhesion

water sticks to other surfaces/materials

Oxidation(OIL RIG)

Loss of electrons

Reduction(OIL RIG)

Gain of electrons

Dehydration synthesis

-anabolic process

-removes H2O in order to put together smaller molecules into larger molecules

Hydrolysis

-catabolic process

-

Isotopes

Atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

polar covalent

electrons are unequally shared between atoms

non-polar covalent

electrons are shared equally between atoms

capillary action

cohesion and adhesion account for the ability of water to rise up the roots, trunks, branches of trees

Acidic

A solution is acidic if it contains a lot of hydrogen ions(H+).

Basic

less hydrogen(H+)