Bio Technology and Evolution Analytic based on rubric (copy)

induced mutations were

2 types of selective breeding

inbreeding and hybridization

Selective Breeding

When organisms are chosen to breed together in order to produce desired traits/characteristics in the offspring.

Downsides of S.B.

Slow processs. And can have negatve effects on the organism.

Different types of selective breeding

Natural selection and artifical selection

Natural selection

the process by which varied traits that increase survival and enable reproduction are passed down from generation to generation

artificial selection

Another term for selective breeding.

Pros of Natural selection

enhances the preservation of a group of organisms that are best adjusted to the physical and biological conditions of their environment

Cons of natural selection

Involves a lot of chance, and can only operate on avaliable genetic variation

Natural vs. Artificial Selection

Natural selection is picked by the environment while Artificial selection is picked by humans.

Pros of Artificial Selection

New plant and animal varieties can be created. Faster than Natural Selection and lets humans control the results.

Cons of Artificial Selection

Inbreeding can mean offspring are too similar and can be susceptible to diseases. Reduced gene pool can mean less chance to adapt to the environment.

Purpose of Selective Breeding

To produce desired traits/characterists in the offspring.

polymerase chain reaction

speeds up DNA replication, produces a lot of DNA

Restrictive Enzyme/Endonuclease

Allows for cutting of DNA at specific “restriction” sites, which contain specific sequences of bases

Recombinant DNA

Pieceing together DNA from 2 different species

Where do restrictive enzymes come from?

Bacteria.

What do restrictive enzymes do in the wild?

They are defense mechanisms for bacteria. They cut up unwanted DNA entering the cell.

What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction?

PCR increases the amount of DNA avaliable so more tests can be run.

How do restrictive enzymes work?

They cut DNA at specific restriction sites which contain specific sequences of bases.

Recognition Site

Another term for restriction site; where the restriction enzymes cut, contain a specific sequence of bases

Sticky end

when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA in a way that cuts through hydrogen bonds.

Blunt end

when the restrictive enzyme cuts through the DNA leaveing two pieces

How is PCR used irl?

Cloning, Mutation detection, and paternity testing.

How does Gel Electrophoresis work?

Process of compairing different DNA. DNA seperated into bands is put into a gel which electricitry is run through. The electricity seperates the bands of DNA bc small or have strong charge.

Gel Electrophoresis

Tool used by scientists to compare DNA bands of different length.

Purpose of Gel Electrophoresis

To compare DNA amongst individuals

How can Gel Electrophoresis solve a murder?

You can compare the DNA of the murderer to suspects to find a match to solve the case!

How to create recombinant DNA?

Take 2 different DNA from different species, and cut them with the same restriction enzyme that forms sticky end cuts. Combine the different bands of DNA by putting them together and adding Ligase.

Purpose of recombinant DNA

To produce a large amount of a rare substance such as inslin

Cloning

the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell or organism

purpose of sequencing DNA

DNA sequencing is used to treat and diagnose diseases

GMO( Genetically modified organism )

when an organism is changed at the genetic level using its DNA

Examples of GMO’s

1. Bt corn - made resistant to certain insects
2. Cotton - prevents insects from destroying it
3. Golden Rice - made to be more nutritious

Pro’s o’ GMO’s

Creates more food, prevents destruction o’ crops, crops last longer, crops can be more nutritious

Con’s o’ GMO’s

Could potentially build up anti-body resistance, untested for long term effects, expensive

Induced Mutations in Selective Breeding

When physical or chemical mutations are used to create random variations to create new varieties.

genetic consequences of inbreeding

higher mortality rates, lower growth rates and a higher frequency of hereditary abnormalities

genetic consequences of hybridization

increase of genetic diversity and reduction of inbreeding

hybridization

when an organism breeds with an organism of a different variety or species

How do the proccesses of hybridization and inbreeding differ?

In hybridization, DNA from two different populations are combined. While in inbreeding, similar or identical DNA is used to create an organism.

Inbreeding examples

Parent and offspring, siblings, cousins

hybridization examples

mule, half horse, half donkey

transformation

taking in forgein DNA, and potentially using it

transgenic organism

an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means

uses of transgenic organisms

Research, agriculture, testing cures for diseases

Steps to preform transformation and create a transgenic organism

1. Bacterial plasmid(circular piece of DNA) and human gene are removed
2. both DNA’s are cut with the same restriction enzyme
3. The gene is inserted into the plasmid, making recombinant DNA
4. Recombinant plasmid is introduced into a bacterial cell
5. the recombinant bacterial cell reproduces, making copies of the gene which the bacteria uses to produce a protein

Two types of cloning

Theraputic cloning and Reproductive cloning

Theraputic cloning is AKA

Artificial Embryo Twinning

Theraputic cloning is used in medicine

experiments aimed at understanding disease and developing new treatments for disease

Theraputic Cloning

process that mimics the natural process of embryo splitting. The early embryo is split into two individual cells in a petri dish. It is then placed into a surrogate mother.

Reproductive Cloning AKA

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

Theraputic Cloning creates

embreyos with the same genome as the person who donated the embreyo.

Purpose of Reproductive Cloning

creates copies of whole animals

Reproductive Cloning Steps

1. The nucleus and DNA from an egg cell is removed
2. It is replaced with one from a somatic cell (from the organism to be cloned)
3. This creates a freshly fertilized egg
4. It can be developed until it an embryo, until it is planted in a surrogate mother.

Fears that arose from cloning

baby-factories and everyone having the same face

ethics

moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity.

Pros of CRISPR

the gene editing tool could cure genetic conditions and help with organ transplants

Cons of CRISPR

it could be used to promote desired traits instead of life-saving traits

Would you pick traits for your kids if you had the choice?

No, I would not. The joys of life stem from someone’s uniqueness. However, if everyone in society was doing it, and I had to do it to ensure my child’s success in life, I would.

Darwin created

the Evolutionary Theory

Overproduction

More offspring are produced than can survive

Competition

fighting amongst a population for limited resources

Variation

individuals ina population have different traits/characteristics

Adaptation

inherited traits that an individual possesses to best suit the enviroment

Natural selection (survival of the fittest)

organisms with the best adapted traits will survive and reproduce

Lamarck

Lamarck’s work influenced Darwin with his idea that species change over time. However, his theory of “Inheritance of acquired characteristics”( traits that an organism develops over its life can be passed down) was incorrect.

Hutton

James Hutton, a geologist, was the first one to put forward the idea that the processes that formed the earth were still happening today. Hutton’s work was never seen by Darwin, but his work was what helped Charles Lyell develop his theories.

Lyell

Charles Lyell, a geologist, had a theory that the earth was developed through a series of small steps. Darwin built on this and theorized that organisms also changed through small steps.

Wallace

Wallace came up with the idea of natural selection at the same time as Darwin. Though they worked together to publish their work in London, Darwin gets all the credit today.

Malthus

Charles Darwin took Thomas Malthus’s theories as an economist and applied them to species. Malthus’s theory that because the population was bigger than could be sustained, people would starve and the population would level out. Darwin used this to create his theory of “survival of the fittest”

Importance of Overproduction

driving force for natural selection. Forces the population to compete for resources

Importance of Variation

Needed for natural selection to take place in a population

Importance of Competition

leaves only the organisms with best adapted traits

Importance of adaptations

allows for an organism to survive to pass on its genes

Medical Ethics

Whether or not it is morally right to judge people off of their genes. Choosing traits 4 your kids through genes, hiring people based on their DNA.

Importance of Surival of the Fittest

Those with better adapted traits will live longer and be able to reproduce

Fossil

Remains of dead animals, plants, and traces of living things from a long time ago.

How are fossils formed?

**Fossils are created when an organism dies. The dead animal or plant will decompose leaving behind a skeleton. Over time, soil and sand will pile up over the skeleton, and turn into layers of rock. Streams of underground water will wash away the bones, leaving a natural mold. Then, tiny rocks will find their way into the mold, and fill up the space the bone left. All of this will be compressed, turning the tiny rocks into a fossil.** 

homologous structures

similar structures that are formed in similar ways but have different forms and structures. Ex. A bird’s wing and a human’s arm

Analogous structures

organs with similar functions, that are very different in structure and form. Analogous structures form due to unrelated species experiencing similar selective pressures. Ex. Bird’s wing and butterfly’s wing

Vestigial Structures

Organs or structures that have lost their function in the organism and have become reduced in size for efficiency. Ex. human tail bone

How do fossils provide evidence for evolution?

Fossils show how animals looked a long time ago and also how they have changed over time.

Homologous vs. Analogous creatures

Homologous structures are similar on the base level but have different functions. Analogous structures are structures that have similar functions but are different on the base level.

Comparative Anatomy is used to deterimine homologous structures by

By looking at two different structures side by side, you can determine if they are built similarly but carry out different functions

Comparative Anatomy is used to determine analogous structures by

looking at two different structures side by side allows you to determine if they are built differently but still carry out the same functions.

Comparatie Anatomy is used to determine vestigial strucutes by

looking at structures in organisms with a close evolutional relationship allows you to determine what strucutres have lost their function and even structure.

Convergent evolution

Unrelated evolution wise, but by living in the same environment developed similar structures (bird and butterfly wings)

analogous structures show convergent evolution

because the structures have similar functions and different structures. Anaglogous structures occur because species in the same enviroment are experiencing the same enviromental pressures.

Divergent Evolution

evolution where a common ancestor, ended up moving to different environments and adapted different structures/traits. (whales and land mammals)

Homologous structures show Divergent Evolution

Homologous structures are structures with similar structures but different functions. Many animals such as whales and humans evolved from a common ancestor, and share structures in parts of their bodies that are used for different functions

Comparative embryology

Comparison of embryos and fetus development between organisms to determine if they are evolutionarily related.

Comparative biochemistry

Comparison of genes and DNA sequences between species to establish an evolutionary relationships

Speciation

formation of a new species due to a collection of inherited traits/characteristics

selecting agent

environmental factor acting on the population that favors or disfavors traits

selecting agent examples

Predators, availability of resources, disease

Selecting agent role in evolution

Selecting agents cause evolution by bringing in situations where an organism may die because of its genetic traits.

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Selecting agents kill off certain organisms because they were not adapted to survive them. This leads to certain alleles exiting the gene pool. Overtime, the population will have changed genetically, and evolution will have occured.

Darwin’s life affecting his theories

Darwin traveled as a naturalist on the HMS beagle, which enabled him to collect specimens which helped him develop his theories

Evidence that Darwin did not have to prove Evolution

Darwin did not know about, The Fossil Record, biogeography (divergent evolution), anatomy, real-life natural selection happening now, biochemistry.

How does comparative biochemisty show evolution?

Comparative biochemistry shows evolution because you can compare the same protein DNA sequence from different organisms and see which ones are the most similar. If DNA sequences are very similar compared to the sequences from other organisms, then you know the organisms are closely related evolutionary. (monkeys and humans)