US History Final Exam terms

Subsistence Production

A system where farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.

Commercial Production

The production of goods and services for sale in the market.

Industrialization/Market Revolution

A period marked by the shift from agrarian economies to industrial economies characterized by new manufacturing processes.

Internal Improvements

Development of infrastructure, such as roads, bridges, and canals, that facilitate trade and transportation.

Lowell method

A labor production model that involved young women working in textile mills under a specific management system.

Cotton Gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney that quickly separates cotton fibers from seeds, revolutionizing the cotton industry.

Family System (of labor)

A labor system where families, often including women and children, work together to produce goods.

Craftsman Method of Production

A production method that emphasizes skilled artisans creating unique products.

Apprentice System

A training system where young people learn a trade under the guidance of skilled craftsmen.

Industrial Method of Production

A method that involves mechanized processes and labor specialization to increase efficiency.

Division of Labor

The assignment of different tasks to different people to improve efficiency in production.

Specialization

Focusing on a specific task or production process to increase expertise and productivity.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added in a sequential manner to create a finished product.

Antebellum

The period in the United States before the Civil War.

Abolitionism

A movement aimed at ending slavery and promoting the rights of enslaved people.

Gradualism

An approach to ending slavery that advocates for gradual changes and emancipation over time.

Immediatism

A belief in the immediate emancipation of enslaved people.

Moral Suasion

The act of persuading others to change their beliefs or practices through moral arguments.

Colonization

The plan to resettle freed slaves in Africa or other locations.

Compensation

Financial repayment to slave owners for the loss of their enslaved workers due to abolition.

William Lloyd Garrison

An American abolitionist who published 'The Liberator' and advocated for immediate emancipation.

Frederick Douglass

A former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist and orator.

Separate Spheres

The social doctrine that prescribed distinct roles for men and women in society.

Republican Motherhood

An ideology that emphasized the role of women in maintaining the moral values of the nation.

Catherine Beecher

An educational reformer known for advocating women's education and the role of women in society.

Angelina Grimke

An abolitionist known for her writings on women's rights and the abolition of slavery.

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, marking the start of the women's rights movement.

Declaration of Sentiments

A document issued at the Seneca Falls Convention that outlined the rights women should be entitled to.

The Civil War

A conflict from 1861 to 1865 in the United States primarily over the issues of slavery and states' rights.

Confederacy

The group of Southern states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War.

Border States

Slave states that did not secede from the Union during the Civil War.

Missouri Compromise

An agreement passed in 1820 that allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state.

Compromise of 1850

A series of laws aimed at settling disputes over slavery and land gained from the Mexican-American War.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that required the return of runaway slaves to their owners, even in free states.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

A novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that depicted the harsh realities of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

An 1854 law that allowed territories to decide on slavery through popular sovereignty.

Bleeding Kansas

A series of violent political confrontations in the Kansas Territory over the issue of slavery.

Dred Scott vs Sanford

An 1857 Supreme Court case determining that African Americans could not be American citizens.

John Brown’s Raid

An 1859 attempt by abolitionist John Brown to initiate a slave revolt by capturing armories.

Secession

The act of withdrawing from an organization or political entity, notably the Southern states from the Union.

Fort Sumter

The site in Charleston, South Carolina, where the first shots of the Civil War were fired.

Anaconda Plan

Union strategy to defeat the Confederacy by blockading Southern ports and controlling the Mississippi River.

Emancipation Proclamation

An executive order issued by President Lincoln freeing slaves in Confederate states.

Gettysburg Address

A speech by President Lincoln delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg.

Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address

A speech emphasizing reconciliation and healing after the Civil War.

13th Amendment

The constitutional amendment that abolished slavery in the United States.

Presidential Reconstruction

The period immediately following the Civil War when presidents set the terms for Southern reintegration.

Freedmen

Former enslaved individuals who were freed during and after the Civil War.

Black Codes

Laws enacted in Southern states to restrict the rights of freedmen after the Civil War.

Congressional/Radical Reconstruction

The period when Congress took control of Reconstruction and imposed stricter regulations on Southern states.

14th Amendment

The amendment granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

Sharecropping & Tenant Farming

Agricultural systems that emerged post-Civil War, where farmers worked land owned by another for a share of the crop.

Franchise

The right to vote in public elections.

15th Amendment

The amendment prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on race.