Hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, testosterone, HGH and oestrogen)

where are noradrenaline and adrenaline secreted?

from the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys

general points about noradrenaline and adrenaline

• primary secretion adrenaline 80%

• simulated by the sympathetic nervous system

• noradrenaline is mainly secreted by the suns and acts more as a neurotransmitter

• often referred to as the ‘fight or flight’ hormones

• responsible for changes in the cardiovascular system function

what does the blood concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline do during intense exercise?

it increases

when released into the blood stream adrenaline and noradrenaline act to do what?

• increase dilation of bronchioles

• increase in peripheral resistance of blood vessels = stimulating involuntary smooth muscle in walls of arteries

• increase glycolysis

• increase heart rate, stimulating muscle contraction increasing cardiac output

what is released to lower levels of noradrenaline and adrenaline?

acetylcholine

what does cortisol do?

• it acts to raise the level of nutrients in the blood and maintain carbohydrate reserve by stimulating the liver content amino acids and fatty acids into glucose

• has anti-inflammatory effects

what can cortisol also been know as?

hydrocortisone

what happens as exercise duration increases between glucose, glycogen and glucagon?

• more liver glycogen is utilised

• there is an increase in muscle glucose uptake and an increase in liver glucose release

• as glycogen stores decrease glucagon levels increase

what is the hormone response to exercise?

1. exercise starts

2. fight or flight response

3. adrenaline noradrenaline and cortisol get released

4. exercise stops

5. acetylcholine released

6. adrenaline, noradrenaline and cortisol levels lower

7. body returns to normal

what are the physical responses to hormone secretion during exercise?

• increase in heart rate and Q

• increase peripheral resistance of blood arteries

• increase glycolysis

• increase dilation of bronchioles

• increases liver glycogen released

• increased muscle glucose uptake

• increase glucose release

• as glycogen stores are reduced glucagon levels increase

where is HGH produced?

in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

what does HGH do?

• acts to promote growth of tissues, stimulating protein production for hypertrophy and cellular maintenance and repair

• acts on metabolism, stimulating the liver to release fatty acids for energy in times of stress

what is testosterone?

a hormone derived from cholesterol produced in men and women mostly in the testes in males

what are the functions of testosterone?

• diffused into surrounding fluids and is absorbed into the bloodstream

• increases protein anabolism, muscle synthesis and decrease protein breakdown

what is protein anabolism?

the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids

how will testosterone increase and improve muscle size, strength and power?

• heavy resistance training

• large muscle group exercises

• moderate - high training volume (multiple sets and multiple exercises

• short rest intervals

what is oestrogen?

a hormone produced in the ovaries and it affects the skeletal system although its main role is in the menstrual cycle

define amenorrhoea

when women’s periods stop when training intensity or volume increases

what happens when women experience menstrual disruption?

• decrease oestrogen production

• decrease peso last activity

• decrease bone re absorption

• decrease bone density

• increase the risk of osteoporosis

what is resistance training good for as you get older?

may preserve:

• bone density

• strength

• muscle mass

when does high segregation happen?

• as load increases

• as rest intervals decrease

• with an increase in training frequency

• with large muscle group exercises

define lactate threshold

the point at which, during intense exercise, lactate builds up in the blood stream at a level that is higher than resting values

when does HGH secretion increase?

• when intensity is above lactate threshold

• with duration of exercise lasting over 10 mins