CONFORMITY, DEVIANCE, SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS

Social control

- sanctions -> punishments or rewards

Formal sanctions

- alteration of the behaviour of individuals and groups

- formal entities

informal sanction

- taken by another person's behavior by anone

- random people/someone we know

formal positive

- type of formal sanction

- medals/certificates

- bonuses/incentives

formal negative

- type of formal sanction

- suspension

- detention

- imprisonment

informal positive

- type of informal sanction

- praises, thumbs up, applause

informal negative

- type of informal sanction

- criticisms, disapproval, gossip

conformity

- act of following the rules and goals of one's society

normative social influence

- when we conform to others because we want them to accept and like us

- compliance

informative social influence

- when we conform to others because we believe they are right

- internalisation

deviance

- violating prescribed social norms

- stigma

positive deviance

- behavior outside the norm but later viewed as appropriate or heroic

- overconforming to what is expected

negative deviance

- behavior that goes against the norms and has detrimental effect on individuals and society

- underconforming to what is expected

formal deviance

- criminal violation of formally enacted laws

- crimes

informal deviance

- violations of informal social norms, which are norms that not ahve been codified into law

- ex: not saying po and opo

social control theory

- lack of strong bonds

- norms/values encourages us to not break the law

rational choice theory

- decision to follow or go against the norms depends on perceived cost and benefits

differential association theory

- conformity and deviance is learned by an individual from those he or she associates with

labeling theory

- actions are initially not considered deviant until they are labeled as such by members of the community

conflict theory

- the group that has access to power determines which actions are deviant based on their perceived advantage

structural strain theory

- robert k merton's deviance typology

Social Aggregate

- Gather in the same place but no interaction and common characteristics

Social Category

• With common characteristics but no interaction

Social Group

• Common characteristics

• With interaction

• Common goal

In-Group

- Direct affiliation, Loyalty, Belongingness

• Use titles, external symbols, and dress to distinguish themselves from the out-group.

• Apply positive and negative stereotypes.

• Clash or compete with members of out-group.

Out-Group

• Antagonism

• Competition

• Group that an individual is not part of

Reference Group

• ideal group

• group to which we compare ourselves

• guide our behavior and attitudes and help us to identify social norms

Primary Group

• Personal, intimate relationship

• Long-lasting

• Strong-personal identity

• Source of social skills and knowledge

Secondary Group

• Formal in context

• Short-term

• Focused on the goal

• Relationships and interactions are limited to a particular role

Social Organizations

- Created by individuals to foster a more direct relationship in secondary group setting.

Formal Organization

Directed by its goals.

Informal Organization

- Formed within the formal organizations.

- Informal relationships.