Studied by 7 people
what are the major functions of the respiratory system
O2 delivery and CO2 removal to/from blood
acid base regulation (blood pH)
immune protection
smell/olfaction
speech production
thermoregulation
warm and humidify inhaled air
CV regulation
what is respiration
process of supplying body with O2 and removing CO2 from the body
what are the 3 processes of respiration
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
actual breathing
movement of air between atmosphere and alveoli
inhalation/inspiration is ventilation of air from ------ to -------
atmosphere; alveoli
exhalation/expiration is ventilation of air from ------- to -------
alveoli; atmosphere
external respiration
gas exchange at the lungs (alveolar air sacs to pulmonary blood capillaries)
in external respiration ____ is moving from alveolar air sacs to pulmonary blood capillaries
O2
in external respiration ___ is moving from pulmonary blood capillaries to alveolar air sacs
CO2
internal respiration
gas exchange at the tissue level (systemic blood capillaries and tissue cells)
in internal inspiration ____ is moving from systemic blood capillaries to tissue cells
O2
in internal inspiration ___ is moving from tissue cells to systemic capillaries
CO2
what are the structural classifications of the respiratory system
upper or lower
what are the functional classifications of the respiratory system
conducting zone or respiratory zone
what structures/organs are part of the upper structural classification
nose
mouth
pharynx
what structures/organs are part of the lower structural classification
larynx
trachea
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveolar sac (alveoli)
conducting zone refers to the function of
movement of air
respiratory zone refers to the function of
work of gas exchange
what structures/organs are part of the conducting zone (functional classification)
nose/mouth/pharynx all the way to terminal bronchioles
what structures/organs are part of the respiratory zone (functional classification)
from respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs (alveoli)
characteristics of the conducting zone
thicker layers of epithelium tissue
goblet cells producing mucus/cilia → mucociliary clearance
thicker cartilage to keep airway patent
less smooth muscle
characteristics of respiratory zone
thinner layers of epithelium tissue
type I and type II alveolar cells
immune protection from resident macrophages in alveoli
little to no cartilage
more smooth muscle
where would nonkeratinized stratified squamous epi be in the system
nose/mouth/pharynx
larynx
where would ciliated pseudostratified columnar epi be in the system
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi
where would ciliated simple columnar epi be in the system
bronchioles
where would nonciliated simple columnar epi be in the system
terminal bronchioles
where would simple cuboidal epi be in the system
respiratory bronchioles
where would simple squamous epi be in the system
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli in alveolar sac
what are the 4 cells of the respiratory zone
type I alveolar cells
respiratory membranes
type II alveolar cells
macrophages
alveolar cells can also be known as
pneumocytes
what do resident macrophages derive from
monocytes
what function do resident macrophages derive from, where do they reside
immune protection, alveolar
characteristics of type I alveolar cells
simple squamous epi cells
site of gas exchange
more numerous alveoli cell
characteristics of respiratory membrane
very thin fusion of alveolar (mainly type I) epithelium cells and pulmonary capillary endothelial cells
characteristics of type II alveolar cells
less numerous than type I
produce a fluid called surfactant
reduces surface tension of alveoli to help maintain patency
maintain patency and openness
what to membranes make of the serous membrane
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
parietal pleura lines the
thoracic cavity
visceral pleura lines the
direct surface of the lung
what is between the two membranes in the serous membrane
serous fluid; helps reduce friction
what is a spirogram measure with
spirometer
what is 1
inspiratory reserve volume/IRV (3000mL)
what is 2
tidal volume/Vt (500mL)
what is 3
expiratory reserve volume/ERV (1500mL)
what is 4
residual volume (1000mL)
what is tidal volume
volume of air in lungs during restful breathing (500mL)
what is expiratory reserve volume/ERV
maximum exhale after normal exhale (1500mL)
what is inspiratory reserve volume/IRV
maximum inhale after normal inhale (3000mL)
what is residual volume/RV
amount of air remaining after maximum exhale because we never get rid of all volume in lungs (1000mL)
what are the 4 lung volumes
IRV
Tidal Volume (Vt)
ERV
Residual volume
what are the 4 lung capacities
Inspiratory capacity
functional reserve capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity
what is a
inspiratory capacity/IC (3500mL)
what is b
functional residual capacity/FRC (2500mL)
what is c
vital capacity/VC (5000mL)
what is d
total lung capacity/TLC (6000mL)
what is inspiratory capacity/IC
max inhale after normal exhale (3500mL)
equation for inspiratory capacity/IC
IC=Vt+IRV
what is functional residual capacity/FRC
amount of air in lungs after normal exhale (2500mL), before the next inhale (slight pause)
equation for functional residual capacity/FRC
FRC=ERV+RV
what is vital capacity/VC
max inhale → max exhale (5000mL)
equation for vital capacity/VC
VC=IRV+Vt+ERV
what is total lung capacity/TLC
sum of all volumes
equation for total lung capacity/TLC
TLC=IRV+Vt+ERV+RV
what is minute ventilation
amount of air flow in 1 minute to the lungs
equation for minute ventilation
minute ventilation Vb=Vt x fb (tidal volume*respiratory rate)
what is fb
breathing frequency/respiratory rate
what is alveolar ventilation
amount of “fresh air” reaching alveoli in 1 minute
what is dead space volume/Vd
amount of air in conducting zone
approximately equal to one’s ideal body weight (mL)
equation for alveolar ventilation
Va= minute ventilation - (breathing frequency*dead space volume)
what is boyle’s law
pressure and volume are inversely related
what is airflow equation
change in pressure (Patm-Palv) / resistance
what is airflow at FRC
0
what is Patm
atmospheric pressure
approx. 760 mmHg at sea level
0 mmHg at FRC
what is Palv
alveolar pressure
approx. 760 mmHg at sea level
0 mmHg at FRC
what is Pip
interpleural pressure
approx. 756 mmHg at sea level
-4 mmHg at FRC
what allows the pleura layers to move together when thoracic cavity increases or decreases
-4 mmHg results in a vacuum suction
what happens to the lungs if the size of the thoracic cavity increases
lungs expand
what happens to the lungs if the size of the thoracic cavity decreases
lungs recoil/get smaller
primary muscles involved in respiratory breathing
diaphragm
external intercostals
accessory muscles for forced inhalation/inspiration
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
accessory muscles for forced exhalation/expiration
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transverse abdominis
rectus abdominis
upon contraction the diaphragm moves ----- and ------ the size of the thoracic cavity
down; increases
upon relaxation the diaphragm moves ------ and ------ the size of the thoracic cavity
up; decreases
4 steps of restful inhalation/inspiration
neural input to skeletal muscles of inspiration
contraction of inspiratory muscles
lungs expand
air moves down its pressure gradient into lungs
4 steps of restful exhalation/expiration
withdrawal of neural input to inspiratory muscles
relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals
lungs recoil
air moves down pressure gradient
what nerve innervates the diaphragm
phrenic nerve
what nerve innervates the external intercostals
intercostal nerves
upon contraction the external intercostals ------ ribs and ------ the size of the thoracic cavity
elevates; increases
an increase in thoracic cavity size during inhalation causes the -------- ------- to --------
alveolar volume; increase
if alveolar volume increases, alveolar pressure -------
decreases
once lung expand in inhalation what is the pressure relation
Patm > Palv
when Patm > Palv air moves where
into the lungs
relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostals causes the size of the thoracic cavity to ------
decrease
if thoracic cavity size decreases, then alveolar pressure -------
increases
once lungs recoil in exhalation, what is the pressure relation
Palv > Patm
when Palv > Patm air moves where
out of the lungs
3 factors affecting ventilation
alveolar surface tension
lung compliance
airway resistance
if alveolar surface tension increases, work of breathing -----
increases
what reduces alveolar surface tension
surfactant (type II cells)
breaks up H20 from sticking
what is lung compliance
stretchability of the lung
increase in lung compliance means longs are more or less elastic/flexible
more flexible
Note 
Flashcard (33)