muscle imbalances

Spasm/ Cramp

sudden, involuntary smooth or skeletal muscle twitch. A cramp is a prolonged twitch.Usually due to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances or muscle fatigue

Botox®

brand name for purified and crystallized botulinum toxin type A. The toxin is produced by a bacterium called Clostridium botulinum, an organism that normally lives in soil.

prevents acetylcholine release at the synapse, preventing the muscle from contracting

Muscle Strain-

Overstretching or tearing of muscle fibers due to excessive force or sudden movement.

concussion

brain injury produced by hit or jolt to head that impacts how an individual thinks, acts, or feels. aka mild traumatic brain injury.

Muscle Contusion (bruise)-

direct impact or blunt trauma to the muscle.

Tendon Strain/Tendonitis-

overuse and repetitive stress which leads to inflammation.

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)-

microscopic muscle damage from intense or unfamiliar exercise.

Compartment Syndrome-

increases pressure within the muscle compartment due to swelling or bleeding, restricting blood flow.

Fibromyositis:

chronic inflammation of muscles.

Hernia:

Protrusion of an organ through its body cavity wall.

Myalgia:

Muscle pain

Myopathy:

Any disease of muscle

Muscular Dystrophy:

A group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. It is caused by mutations affecting proteins needed for healthy muscle function. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one of the most common types.

Bell’s Palsy:

Facial Paralysis, destruction of cranial nerves

Myofascial pain syndrome:

pain caused by a tightened band of muscle fibers, which twitch when the skin over them is touched.

Clostridium botulinum,

a bacteria that normally lives in soil.Produces a toxin in low oxygen levels.This toxin inhibits the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic cell.  This in turn leaves the muscle paralyzed.

 Myalgia –

Muscle pain or soreness, which can result from overuse, injury, infection, or underlying medical conditions.

Myopathy –

A general term for diseases that affect muscle tissue, leading to weakness, cramping, stiffness, or lack of muscle control; can be inherited or acquired.

Curare-

toxin used historically in blow dart guns; binds to acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at neuromuscular junction, preventing nerve impulses from activating skeletal muscles

Organophosphates (Sarin Gas and pesticides)  

inhibit acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down Ach in the synapse.  Leads to muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure.

Clostridium tetani,

also  normally lives in soil.Toxin blocks the release of inhibitory NT (GABA and Glycine) in the CNS. Without inhibition of motors neurons they will continually fire, causing uncontrolled muscle contraction.  

Latrotoxin, black widow spider venom

Toxin triggers massive ACh release at the NM Junction.
Muscle contact uncontrollably, leading to severe cramps and spasms.  

Rigor Mortis

After death, calcium levels inside the muscle cells rise and the body's level of ATP drops. Inside the muscles, myosin binds to actin and the muscles contract. However, with no ATP to reset the crossbridges and release the myosin, all of the muscles remain contracted and stiff