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Serfs
Individuals who belong to the land and not to the person who owns the land.
Peasants
Individuals who are free to move freely to find work.
Vassals
People in a feudal system who are loaned land from someone of higher status.
Feudalism
A societal structure centered on the loaning of land for goods and military service.
Estates
The residence of a feudal lord.
Ottoman Empire
A significant empire (1350-1922) that conquered large territories in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Habsburg Empire
A fragmented empire (late 1400s - early 1800s) known for its trans-oceanic expanse and Catholic state.
Chinese Empire
The Qing Dynasty (1600s - 1900s) known for its power before being suppressed by European nations.
Mughal Empire
A prominent empire (1500s - 1850s) known for its cultural achievements and religious tolerance.
Hard power
Use of military force and coercive measures in foreign policy.
Soft power
Influence through diplomacy, culture, and values rather than force.
Agricultural Revolution
A period of significant agricultural development that increased productivity and efficiency.
Transatlantic Slave Trade
The forced transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas, often under brutal conditions.
Trade
The exchange of goods, such as silver and cotton, which became pivotal in global economies.
Standing Armies
Permanent, professional armies that allowed for organized and strategic military operations.
Millet System
A system in the Ottoman Empire that allowed religious communities autonomy under their own laws.
Enlightenment
An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism over tradition.
Natural Rights
Rights that are believed to be granted to all humans, such as life and liberty.
Social Contract
The theory that individuals give up certain freedoms for societal benefits.
French Revolution
A significant uprising (1789-1799) that transformed France from monarchy to republic.
Phase one
The Moderate Phase of the French Revolution focusing on Enlightenment ideals.
Tennis Court Oath
A vow made by the National Assembly to not disband until a new constitution was established.
The Terror
A radical phase during the French Revolution characterized by political purges and repression.
Napoleonic Code
A legal framework established under Napoleon that had lasting impacts on civil rights.
Haitian Revolution
The revolt of enslaved people and free blacks in Haiti resulting in independence.
Emancipation
The movement aimed at ending slavery and recognizing the rights of enslaved individuals.
Industrial Revolution
A period of major industrialization and economic change during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Steam Engines
Inventions that revolutionized transportation and industry during the Industrial Revolution.
Child Labor
The employment of children in factories and other sectors, often under harsh conditions.
Berlin Conference of 1885
A conference where European powers established rules for the colonization of Africa.
White Man’s Burden
The belief that Western powers had a duty to civilize non-Western nations.
Sepoy Rebellion
An uprising in India against British rule, leading to significant shifts in governance.
Taiping Rebellion
A large-scale civil war in China against the ruling Qing dynasty, driven by discontent.
Scramble for Africa
The rapid invasion and colonization of African territories by European powers.
Yamato Race Theory
The belief in the superiority of the Japanese race, used to justify imperial ambitions.
