Socratic 9 Mr. Simmons

Vocab/People/Orders. *** Info might be wrong

Paleolithic (lit.)

"Old Stone Age"

Paleolithic (feat.)

Simple stone tools, hunter gatherers, lasted about 2.5 million years.

Neolithic (lit.)

"New Stone Age"

Neolithic (feat.)

More farming, polished stone tools, but focus on the farming.

Neolithic Revolution (feat.)

When people started farming, and living in the same area, (not hunter gathering).

Bronze Age (feat.)

Use of Bronze, some writing, Mycenaean Greece.

Longest continuous city (lit.)

Jericho* (note: * means the thing is uncertain/contented.)

First major civilization (lit.)

Sumer

Tigris & Euphrates (lit.)

Rivers that "surrounded" the Turkey/Syria area, also surrounded Sumer

Tigris & Euphrates (feat.)

Allowed Sumer to prosper as much as it did, also flooded (important for literature there)

Crescent Valley (lit.)

Area formed between the Euphrates & Tigris

Things that make something a civilization* (ord.)

Social structure, Government, Cities, Writing/Records, Mythos, Art/Culture

Epic of Gilgamesh (lit.)

An Ancient Sumerian book, read in class

Epic of Gilgamesh (feat.)

One of the largest records we have of Sumerian society, huge influence on the western world (and maybe eastern world, idk)

Uruk (lit.)

City in Sumer, famous for walls and ziggurats

"Do ut des" (lit.)

"I give, so you will give"

"Do ut des" (feat.)

Sumerians (and other cultures) would sacrifice to the Gods, so the Gods would give back

City state (lit./feat.)

Size of a city, owns its own land, may have its own culture, (usually) have their own governments

Cuneiform (lit.)

Ancient writings (Sumerian), imprints on clay

Ziggurat (lit.)

A step pyramid, mesopotamian

Types of slavery (ord.)

War captives: slaves taken from war, Birth: people born into slavery, Debt slavery: taking someone into slavery because they can't pay a debt, Wage-slave: completely dependent on wage received, Voluntarily slavery (indentured servitude): going into slavery to repay a debt, or other things

Enlil (lit.)

Sumerian sky god, kinda the worst

Inanna/Ishtar (lit.)

Sumerian god of love, also the worst

Enki (lit.)

Sumerian god of knowledge, pretty nice

Sargon (lit.)

Takes over Sumer, was Akkadian (Sargon of Akkad)

Enheduanna (lit.)

Child of Sargon, wrote a bunch of temple hymns, was Akkadian

Casuistic phrases (lit.)

Phrases in law, phrased in if/then format (if you eat a child, then you will go to jail)

Casuistic phrases (feat.)

Creates a certain type of law that has a lot of loopholes. Also used in Sumerian society

Lex Talionis (lit.)

Eye for an eye style of punishment

Code of Hammurabi (lit./feat.)

A code made by Hammurabi, full of Casuistic phrases. Was the origin for HUGE parts of modern law/western culture

Bureaucracy (lit./feat.)

A delegated form of government, read Kafka for the features of it. Used in Egypt a lot

Egypt (lit.)

Place in Africa/Middle East

Egypt (feat.)

Humongous civilization, no way I can put it in a quizlet definition

Nile (lit./feat.)

River, notable for being in Egypt, and also being able to travel both ways. You can travel up using currents, and down using wind

Old Egypt (lit.)

Egypt, but old. When the big pyramids were built

Middle Egypt (lit.)

Egypt, but middle. Change in view of pharaoh

New Egypt (lit.)

Not very new, around 2000-1200 B.C.E. (important for the Greeks)

Divine Right to Rule (lit.)

Someone being king/monarch/whatever because God made them. Also has a king's son being next king

Divine Right to Rule (feat.)

Divine Right to Rule is a problem, because there is no certainty with the leader of the area being competent, (at least from an atheistic view)

Djoser (lit.)

Pharaoh of Egypt during the Old period, used religion to get his people to cooperate

Ancient Egyptian hierarchy (ord.)

Slaves at the bottom, Peasants bottom middle, Merchants/other things in that vein, Middle top Nobles & Priests, Top Pharaoh

Vizier (lit.)

Head of the Egyptian bureaucracy (title, not name)

Unrelieved frontality (lit.)

How Egyptian sculptures were made, having a front foot forward, and very uncomfortable to be in

Contrapposto (lit./feat.)

How some later Greek sculptures were, usually comes after a culture does unrelieved frontality, when they get bored of it. People doing people things, not standing uncomfortably

General order of ancient societies (ord.)

Sumer, Egyptians (everywhere), Hebrew, Phoenicians, Assyrians

Assyrians (lit.)

Very mean people, in Northern Mesopotamia, militarily powerful

Babylonian Captivity (lit.)

When the Babylonian empire took over Jerusalem

Babylonian Captivity (feat.)

It caused Jewish culture to change, and also the writing in the Old Testament

Nebuchadnezzar (lit.)

Took over Jerusalem, leader of the Babylonian empire, and builds hanging gardens

Greek Gods (feat.)

Omnipotent, influenced Greek Literature a lot, but they had more power than humans

What did Greeks call themselves? (lit.)

Hellens.

Epithet (lit.)

A nick-name, especially in Greek writings (Iliad, Odyssey, etc...)

Hades (lit.)

God of the underworld in Greek culture

Great Greek sinners (ord.)

Tityus, Sisyphus, Ixion

Features in Greek epic poetry (ord.)

Meter (specifically, dactylic pentameter), Repetition, and moral values

Timē (lit.)

Honor, Order, Reputation in Greek society

Minoan Crete (lit./feat.)

(2400-1450 BCE), when Homer was writing about (not writing in), beta form of Greek, existed on the island of Crete, and other Aegean islands

Mycenean Greece (lit./feat.)

(1450-1150 BCE), when Homer wrote

Dark Age (lit./feat.)

(1150-750 BCE), we had a lack of records during this time

Polis (lit.)

City state

Archaic (lit.)

Old

Panhellenism (lit.)

Spanning across the hellenistic period

Athens (lit./feat.)

Athens was a city state in Greece, that was a big deal. They had a lot of academic growth (SPA was from here), and they were the leader of the Daelean League

Sparta (lit./feat.)

Sparta was a city state in Greece, big deal. Very well known for their army, and they also had a MASSIVE slave group. They were a monarchy

Athenian government system (lit.)

Athens was famously a democracy, until they lost the Peloponnesian war, then they democratically voted to convert to a monarchy

Spartan government system (lit.)

Sparta was a monarchy, where they had 2 kings, one for fighting, and the other for staying at home, the Gerousia (old people on council) were on council, and the Ephors could kick out the king, there were about 50 of them

Spartan training (ord.)

1. If they looked like a good kid, they weren't killed. 2. 0-6 they spent time with their mom. 3. 7-11 They went to scout camp. 4. 12-18 more scout camp, but more intense. 5. 18, Junior soldier. Married at 20. 6. A full Spartan at 30+

Helot (lit.)

Greek word for a Spartan slave (that is, a slave in Sparta, not a Spartan slave)

Agōgē (lit.)

Greek word for training (see Spartan training)

Philhellene (lit.)

Someone who loves Greek culture (literally, lover of Greek)

Ionia (lit./feat.)

Asia minor (western turkey). Where Troy is, and culturally very Greek

Fiat currency (lit.)

Currency that has assigned value

"Natural" currency (lit.)

Currency that has value assigned by the material that it's made of (gold coins)

King Croesus (lit./feat.)

A Lydian king, who wanted to achieve happiness. Goes to the oracle at Delphi tells him a great empire will fall. He thinks it's a different empire, but it's his own (Lydian)

Kingdoms that conquered the Sumer area (ord.)

Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia, Medes, Lydians, Persians

Major Persian kings* (ord.)

Cyrus (freed Jews), Darius I, Xerxes, and later Darius III (lost to Alexander)

Ionian revolt (lit.)

When western cities, under Persian rule, revolted against Persia, and asked Greece for help. This began the Persian wars

"Earth and Water" (lit./feat.)

A phrase that signals submissiveness. Persia famously tells Sparta this, and Sparta kills the guy who says it

Themistocles (lit./feat.)

A political person in Ancient Greece. He convinces the Greek democracy to get a navy, while being a good choice, demonstrates how easily influenced a democracy can be

Battle of Marathon (lit./feat.)

Persia (Darius) retaliates against Greece from the Ionian revolt. Phedippides runs from Athens to Sparta to deliver news. Greece claps Persia, with around 6000 Persians dead, and 192 Greeks dead

Xerxes (lit./feat.)

Comes after Darius, and starts another invasion of Greece. This one also does not work. Also extremely indecisive

Hybris (lit.)

Pride, to a fault. The "antidote" is nemesis (God)

Battle of Thermopylae (lit./feat.)

Spartans send 300 soldiers to this battle, all 300 die. Part of the Persian wars

Aspects of Tragedy (ord.)

In one day, Reversal of fortune from good to bad, Elevated diction, Characters are good, not too good, Catharsis of fear and pity

Delian League (lit./feat.)

Allies in the hegemony joined up, got a ton of money (640 talents per year), and 640 ships. Athens is the leader, and the center is Delos

Peloponnesian League (lit./feat.)

Sparta is envious of the Delian league, and starts their own league. Eventually every city-state joins either the Peloponnesian League, or the Delian League

Pentecontateia (lit.)

Period of around 50 years in Ancient Greece, between the Persian wars, and the Peloponnesian war

Issues with the Delian League (ord.)

Delian league holds it's members hostage, they run by fear, they are operating under the ironic democratic imperialism philosophy, struggling in general

Naxos (lit.)

A city-state that tried to leave the Delian League, Athens beat them up, and made them pay money

Greek Periods (ord.)

1. Bronze Age 1a. Minoan Crete, 1b. Mycenean Greece. 2. Dark age. 3. Archaic. 4. Classical 4a. Golden. 5. 4th Century Greece. 6. Hellenistic period

Classicism (lit./feat.)

They start asking questions, and systematically answer them

Humanism (lit.)

Study of the individual

Classical Art (Greek) (lit./feat.)

Shows restraint, simple, not in excess (Kritian Boy)

Hellenistic Art (Greek) (lit./feat.)

HUGE, Shows people that aren't the ideal human form

Doric (lit.)

Earliest, simplest, no base, simple capital

Ionic (lit.)

Has a base, fancy capital, entasis, columns are taller

Entasis (lit.)

A bulge in the middle of a column

Corinthian (lit.)

Capital is extremely fancy, has a cornice, Romans like this type

Fluting (lit.)

Philosophy (lit.)

"Love of Wisdom"