BIO 107: Unit 1 - Ch 6 Integumentary System

What are functions of the skin?

What are there functions of:

• Protection - tissues and organs

• Excretion - salt, water, and organic wastes

• Maintain Body Temp - insulation and evaporation

• Synthesis - Vitamin D3

• Storage of Lipids - energy/nutrients

• Sensations - pain, pressure, touch, & temperature

What does the skin synthesizes?

What synthesizes vitamin D3?

What are the layers of the skin from surface to deep?

What are these layers of:

• Epidermis

  • Stratum corneum

  • Stratum lucidum

  • Stratum granulosum

  • Stratum spinosum

  • Stratum basale

• Dermis

  • Papillary layer

  • Reticular layer

• Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)

What is stratum corneum?

Which stratum of epidermis is:

• exposed surface of skin

• water resistant

• shed and replaced every 2 weeks

What is stratum lucidum?

Which stratum of epidermis is:

• found only in thick skin (palms & feet)

What is stratum granulosum?

Which stratum of epidermis is:

• dehydrate and die

• create tightly interlocked layer of keratin

• stops dividing, starts producing:

  • keratin:

    • a tough, fibrous protein

    • makes up hair and nails

What is stratum spinosum?

Which stratum of epidermis is:

• produced by basal cells dividing - increasing thickness of epithelium

• active in immune response

• cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out

What is stratum basale?

Which stratum of epidermis is:

• has many stem cells or basal cells

• Melanocytes: contain the pigment melanin

• forms a strong bond between epidermis and dermis

What is skin life cycle?

What takes 15-30 days for a cell to move from basale to corneum, and another 2 weeks to be shed from surface?

What is the dermis?

What is located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer, and is highly vascularized?

What is the papillary layer?

Which layer of the dermis is:

• consists of areolar tissue

• contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

• has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

What is the reticular layer?

Which layer of the dermis is:

• consists of dense irregular connective tissue

• contains collagen and elastic fibers

• contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers

What is the subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)?

Which layer of the skin is:

• stabilizes the position of the skin, but allows for separate movement

• contains few capillaries and no vital organs

• site for subcutaneous injections (hypodermic needle)

What are functions of hair?

What are these functions of:

• protects and insulates

• guards openings against particles and insects

• is sensitive to very light touch

What is hair shaft?

What is the upper part of the hair?

What is hair root?

What is the lower part of the hair, attached to the integument?

What is hair bulb?

Where is hair production located?

What is hair papilla?

Where does nourishment enters?

What is arrector pili?

What is the involuntary smooth muscle that causes hairs to stand up?

What are the sebaceous glands (oil glands)?

Which type of gland has:

• holocrine glands

• secrete sebum

• lubricate the hair

• control bacteria

What are the sweat glands?

Which type of gland has:

• merocrine glands

• watery secretions

What are the mammary glands?

Which type of gland has:

• apocrine glands

• produce milk

What are the ceruminous glands?

What produce earwax and protect the eardrum?

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

How do we sense touch?

What are Pacinian corpuscles?

How do we sense pressure?

What are free nerve endings?

How do we sense pain, heat, and cold?

What are functions of nail?

What are these functions of:

• made of dead cells packed with keratin

• occurs in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root

• metabolic disorders can change nail structure

What is vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)?

What is created in the presence of UV radiation and aids absorption of calcium and phosphorus?

What is epidermal growth factor (EGF)?

What is used in laboratories to grow skin grafts and promotes division of basal cells?

What make the skin redden?

What happen to the skin when blood vessels dilate from heat?

What make the skin pale?

What happen to the skin when blood flow decreases?

What is cyanosis?

What is caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation?

What is carotene?

Which pigment is:

• orange-yellow

• accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis

What is melanin?

Which pigment is:

• yellow-brown or black

• produced by melanocytes in stratum basale

• transferred to keratinocytes

What is melanocytes?

Which pigment is:

• melanin protects skin from sun damage

• Ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes DNA mutations and burns which lead to cancer and wrinkles

What is the process of wound healing?

This is the process of what:

1. Bleeding - occurs, mast cells trigger inflammatory response immediately

2. Blood clot (scab) - a scab stabilizes and protect the area, phagocyte cells remove debris, take hours

3. Fibroblasts repair damaged tissue (scar) - epidermal cells attach to collagen fibers, inflammation decreases, clot degenerates, one week

4. Fibroblasts strengthen area - scar tissue remains - less flexible and reduced blood flow (collagen → cells)

What is actinic keratosis?

Which type of skin cancer is:

• scaly area due to sun damage

• not skin cancer (yet)

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Which type of skin cancer is:

• most common

• basal cells

• no metastasis

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Which type of skin cancer is:

• sun exposed skin

• squamous cells

• metastasis rare

What is malignant melanoma?

Which type of skin cancer is:

• extremely dangerous

• cancerous melanocytes

• 14% survival rate after metastasis

What are the different types of burns?

Heat, chemical, radiation, and electric shock are types of what?

What is 1st degree burn?

Which burn degree is sunburn, redness, and top layers only?

What is 2nd degree burn?

Which burn degree is total epidermis damage, painful, and blisters?

What is 3rd degree burn?

Which burn degree have epidermis & dermis gone, and nerves ending also destroyed → can not regenerate?