history midterm

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Definition/ Relevance/ Context

Serfs/ Peasants

- Serfs belong to the land and not to the person who owns the land. 

- Peasants were free to move freely to find work.

Vassals

- In a feudal system a Vassal is a person who is loaned out land from someone above (ie what a duke is to the king and what a count is the the duke so on and so forth)

Feudalism

- A society structured around the loaning of land for items like grain and people for the military in return. This land as a whole is called a fief or fiefdom. 

Estates

- where a feudal lord would live

Ottoman Empire

- (~1350-1922)

- 600+ year reign

- peak in 1600s

- conquered parts of SE Europe, Middle East, Africa, and Asia.

- Peak population: 30 million or 7% of the global pop

- capital = istanbul (turkey) 

- Leaders: Osman (founder 1300s) Mehmet the Conqueror (1400s) Sulieman the magnificent/lawgiver (1500s)

- Elements of Expansion: Trade, Military Power (army, navy, Janissaries Devshirme) Gov’t funding (bargains with the rich, millet system, religious tolerance)

- Political structure: Sunni Muslim Theocracy (ruled by sultan/caliph)

Habsburg                                                                                                                                                              Empire

- (late 1400s - early 1800s)

- 300+ year reign but declining and fragmented for the later part

- peak in early 1600s “sun never set”

- trans-oceanic empire 

- “patchwork” empire

- Catholic State 

- Notable Leaders: Ferdinand and Isabella (Founders of Spanish Empire 1400s), Charles V (the holy Roman Empire 1500s)

- Elements of Expansion and Power: Trade and Resources (Triangle trade), Soft power (marriages, diplomacy, “image making”) A little hard power (military and university of war). 

Chinese Empire

- China was “the top of the food chain” and eventually became a suppressed nation by European

- Qing Dynasty 

- 1600s - 1900s (peak late 1600s and early 1700s)

- Notable leaders: Shunzhi (founder 1600s), Kangxi (1661-1722)

- Conquered: Taiwan, Tibet, and some sections of Central Asia

- How did they conquer?: soft power (ex art, agriculture, trade, industry and the fact that they have a large population in a condensed area motivated them to conquer.)

- Decline - government corruption, wars, and the later Taiping rebellion. 

Mughal Empire

- 1500s - 1850s (peak 1550-1600)

- Notable Leaders: Babur (founder 1526), Akbar (1556-1605, “best ruler”) 

- Known for their religious tolerance 

- Mansabdari system (hierarchy/administrative system) → their government.

- Expansion - soft power, agriculture, irrigation systems, trade (a lot of good resources) and religious tolerance. This was a very inviting empire for people who had faced religious discrimination in their previous home. Hard power, a very good military

- Decline - gov corruption, religions becoming more advanced. 

Hard and Soft power

- Diplomacy and “image making” vs Military advancements and pure force. 

University of War

- gaining war experience through actual combat, not just lessons. 

- competition with neighboring countries.

- early military revolution

Agricultural Revolution

- The discovery of more productive ways of farming. 

- Better plows because of steel instead of iron

- the invention of crop rotation to make sure that crops would be grown in the most nutrient rich environments. (preserving soil nutrients)

Transatlantic Slave Trade

- The inhumane trade of slaves from Africa to America 

- People were stuffed into boats, naked and afraid, like sardines to be sold to people in America.

- majority of them died on the boat ride over, but they were shipped in such a huge quantity that it did not matter, and would still be profitable. 

- Unlike old slavery in which your status could change, new slavery (the transatlantic slave trade) was lifelong and inheritable. 

Trade (silver, spices, cotton)

- Trade was able to evolve countries out of Feudalism and create a new society based on the exchange of goods and profit. 

- this new need for exploration and trade was the start of the interconnection of all the empires.

- spices found in Indonesia and controlled by the Dutch East IndiaCompany

- Spices in Portugal controlled by Europeans

- Cotton found in India which was directly traded by Indians. 

- Due to slave exports, America became one of the main producers of Cotton and traded it all over the world.

- Silver found in the Americas and often used as a form of currency in the Qing Dynasty instead of the trade of goods. 

- Start of trade of goods for currency 

- All of these goods could be tied to the Transatlantic slave trade. 

Rise of Big States and Empires

- Because agriculture became so effective, they did not need as many farmers, so they began to focus their efforts on creating an Empire. 

- Conquering to become bigger

Standing Armies

- War became more organized and more thought out than before when it was just a chaotic mess. 

- In the ottoman empire, their standing army was called Janissaries Devshirme which was the personal army of Christian boys. 

Firearms 

- The invention of Firearms changed everything. 

- Changed how wars were fought

- Changed the difficulty of conquering. (made it easier to take advantage of countries who did not have firearms.)

Millet System

- the idea that each religion, in the Ottoman Empire, would be organized under its own laws and run by their chosen religious leader. 

- They had a duty to pay taxes and to settle internal disputes in order to keep harmony

- higer tak

Term (add rows as needed)

Definition/ Relevance/ Context

British Revolution

Shifter from monarch → parliament

- this was the result of the British Revolution

Commonwealth and Protectorate

- The government system that was in place after Charles I was beheaded, but before Charles II was put on the throne. 

- Led by Oliver Cromwell

Religion in England

- Suppressed Catholic uprisings in Ireland and Scotland

- Puritans rejected the Church of England for being too Catholic (it was an Anglican Church)

- Catholics began to be persecuted and Protestants began to dominate (sometimes this persecution would end in massacres of Catholic communities)

- After Cromwell’s death the Anglican Church was re-established by Charles II and Puritan laws were repealed. 

Oliver Cromwell

- political leader that was a key part in the English Civil Wars and the temporary abolition of Monarchy in Britain. 

- Lead the parliamentary forces

- Ruled as a dictator until his death in 1658.

- He imposed unity through brutal war and absolute power. (suppresses all views that were not Puritan). 

Constitutional Monarchy 

- Where there is a parliament and a throne

- more representative than an absolute monarchy. 

Glorious Revolution

- (1688-1689) 

- James II, brother of (and Catholic) Charles II takes the throne after Charles II’s death. 

- James is born Catholic and an “absolutist” and strived to take power back from nobles.

- Members of parliament conspire with Mary (daughter of James II) and her Dutch husband, William, to oust James II.

- It was “almost” bloodless and ended with a new government, Constitutional Monarchy. .

Enlightenment

Reason/intellect over faith/authority

- This is what the enlightenment was

- People began to question instead of following blindly

- Scientific revolution which started with Copernicus’ publication of The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This proved that the earth was not the center of the universe, challenging everyone’s fundamental belief on their life. The start of using new methods to prove new ideas, no matter how odd/revolutionary. The peak of the Scientific Revolution was Newton’s Principia, which used this new way of thinking. This changes how the world worked, from 1687 till now. 

- This Scientific revolution shifted people from blindly following, to gaining more nuanced views on how the world worked, mostly using deductive reasoning. (they thought more about their rights, ex: What rights do we have and who gets those rights? And what is the role of government? ) 

- This INSPIRED people to think more deeply about what they thought was a good government, leading to all the revolutions listed below. 

Natural Rights

- Fundamental rights that you have and can never be taken away.

- indisputable and inalienable rights

- Examples include: happiness, liberty, property, and life) 

Social Contract

- The social contract was the theory that when you enter a society you must give up some of the rights/privileges you had before, but you also gain a lot from being in the community (ie, protection). 

- Valuing community or individuality is what allows a government to function 

Thomas Hobbes

- Leviathan, 1651

- order vs anarchy

- Ideal form of gov’t: Absolute monarchy (by social contract)

John Locke

- Two Treatises of Government, 1690

- Right to rebel

- ideal form of gov’t: More democratic/representative system

Montesquieu 

- The Spirit of Laws

- Checks + Balances

- The ideal form of gov’t depended on area and culture (but mostly representative)

Jean Jacques-Rousseau 

- ideal form of gov’t: Communism

- Calling out what is happening; the king does not give them anything in return for joining the community, breaching the social contract.

- The government was not giving people what they were promised (from natural rights and social contract), so they just got rid of it. 

- he created the social contract

French Revolution

Causes

Estates general

- Very bad tax issues that targeted the poor.

- hunger caused by France’s bankruptcy (because the poor could not sustain themselves and the entire country) 

- the Estates general met up to discuss the tax issue, but there was more unfairness. The three groups voting were the Clergy (1%) Nobles (0.5%) and the “everyone else group” (the other 98.5% of people). Even though the “everyone else group” was significantly larger, they all got the same amount of votes, so obviously the nobles and clergy who did not want to pay taxes voted against the reform. Making it virtually impossible to change anything. 

Ancien Regime

- the system of clergy and nobles who were the top 1.5% of ppl who did not have to pay taxes because of loopholes in the system they made.  

Phase one: Moderate Phase (1789 -1791)

Enlightenment ideals

- People were poor and kept getting poorer while the rich were living in naivete for anything happening. 

- Challenged the absolute monarchy and wanted a more representative government that would acknowledge the needs of the 98.5% of people who were not rich. 

- Most of it was not about the enlightenment, it was hunger

Declaration of Rights of Man

- This was created on August 26th by the National Assembly, this declaration was the backbone to the later constitution. 

- laid out a system of rights that applied to every person

- Everyone has the right to liberty, property and security. 

National Assembly 

- this is the group of people formed from the “everyone else group” who wanted change now. 

- after this was formed, King Louis the XVI locked the doors so the national assembly couldn’t assemble. This led to the tennis court oath. 

Tennis court oath

- The national assembly decided to meet in a tennis court and say an oath that basically said that they would not give up the fight until France and an accepted constitution. 

Storming of the Bastille

- one of the actions that the people did to show their dedication to the cause.

- this armed them and created a bigger threat to the king

- the Bastille was an armory

Women’s March to Versailles

- armed peasant women stormed the king and queens home in Versailles to demand that they move to Paris

- This was because Marie-Antoinette allegedly had grain hidden in their home. 

Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette arrested

- ya that was just kinda something that happened out of anger of their needs not being met. 

Result:

- shift from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy

Phase two: “the terror” (1792-1794)

Robespierre

- Hated everyone except the Radicalists (killed basically everyone who opposed him)

- He faced the same fate as the people he executed (death by guillotine)

Committee for public safety 

- aka “people’s dictatorship”

Royalists

- Like king and queen

Moderate

- Liked constitutional Monarchy

Radicalist

- wanted immediate drastic change

Jacobins

- a radical group

- called for the creation of a republic immediately

The Thermidorian Reaction

- Parliamentary revolt that led to the fall of Robepierre

Result:

- because of more radical ideas being embraced by the national assembly and people getting hurt because of that, a MORE radical guy became a dictator and killed/hurt 1000x more people. 

- Shift from constitutional monarchy → dictatorship or “committee for public safety”

Phase Four: The Napoleonic Phase (1799-1815)

French Revolutionary Army

- Replaced the old royal army

- It was taken over by Napoleon in 1799 after his conquests while in the army.

- New reforms and strategies set the foundation for the later Napoleonic Wars. 

The Consulate

- Napoleon Bonaparte was the First Consul and had almost all the control in France 

- Second and Third Consuls were Cambacérès and Lebrun, they had little actual power.

- Senate, Tribunate, and Legislature: little influence whatsoever. 

(This mimics ancient Rome's government structure)

- In the early 1800s Napoleon was made consul for life which further consolidated his power 

- Later in 1804, Napoleon fully abolished the Consulate and declared himself the Emperor of France. (though this was voted upon, it was heavily influenced by state propaganda.)

Concordat of 1801

- Concordat of 1801, agreement reached on July 15, 1801, between Napoleon Bonaparte and papal and clerical representatives in both Rome and Paris, defining the status of the Roman Catholic Church in France and ending the breach caused by the church reforms and confiscations enacted during the French Revolution. According to https://www.britannica.com/event/Concordat-of-1801

Napoleonic Code 

- 1804 - legal system that limited some rights (like women’s rights) but also strengthened rights (property rights, and equality) 

- He also limited freedom of speech and the press which suppressed the public’s opinion. 

Result:

- Empire/dictatorship/consulate/monarch→ back to constitutional monarchy

- Napoleon conquered by his conquests (his invasion of Russia)

Haitian and Latin American Revolutions

Important states about Haiti:

5% gens couler (free black) not happy (treated inferior)

5% white (small % are plantation owners, most poor) most not happy

90% enslaved people. DEFINITELY not happy 

Reinstated Slavery

- Napoleon reinstates slavery in Haiti after 

Sugarcane Plantations

- The sugarcane plantations started in the 1640s after Boucan sellers ran low on beef and resorted to robbing Spanish galleons. They invested this money into founding sugarcane plantations.

- In the 1700s sugar plantations were thriving, but working/living conditions for slaves were so terrible that they were worked to death.  

- The sugarcane plantations make Haiti the most valuable colony to have.

- supplied 40% of Europe's sugar and 60% of its coffee

- Home to the most slaves other than Brazil

Rochambeau

- the “bad guy” in the final revolt of the Haitians.

- buried people alive in insects 

-boiled people alive in molasses

- unified people of African descent and mixed race

- Napoleon leaves Rochambeau and cuts losses

Code Noir

- this set the rules for what slaves should do and the punishments that the plantation owners would do. 

- Horrific and inhumane.

Gran Columbia Speech

- Bolivar’s speech where he outlined his visions for Gran Colombia’s government and future. 

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

- first emperor of Haiti and the leader of the second major Haitian Revolution 

L’ouverture

- Due to the horrible working conditions L’oeverture led the first major slave revolt in 1791

- L’ouverture became an officer in the Spanish Military as a strategy to continue to win independence. L’ouverture was formerly enslaved and saw the Spanish as a potential ally against the French plantation owners who sought to maintain slavery. The Spanish and the slaves had similar goals in reducing French rule in Haiti. This alliance also allowed him to gain military training and leadership experience. 

- In 1794 the National Convention in Paris ratified the decree to free all slaves.

- After that, L’ouverture changes allegiances to the French, but the French were still at war w/ Spanish. 

- Finally, in 1802, L’ouverture steered the Island to independence. 

- L’ouverture, despite everything, recognized the benefit of sugarcane plantations, but paid and did not torture the workers. 

- Napoleon takes over Haiti once again and reinstates slavery, Napoleon’s brother arrests L’ouverture and he dies in prison. 

- Finally, in 1803, Haiti gained independence after revolting against the French who wanted to take their guns.  

Emancipation

Voices of Freedom

- People began to speak out against the slave trade

- Olaudah Equiano and his influential book

- Quakers etc 

Sons of Africa

- A group in Britain that strived to end slavery

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Definition/ Relevance/ Context

Why did it start in Britain?

- Unusually high pay for any job in Britain. Because of this people had extra money for items that they did not need, but were helpful.

- The Agricultural Revolution allowed food to be produced quicker and in larger amounts which led to less need for farmers who were forced to move to cities to find work. This also allowed new jobs to emerge making commodities that the average person could now afford. 

- resources: Britain had an abundance of coal close to the surface which led to the invention of steam engines. 

- They had the “culture of Science” from the scientific revolution.  

Coal

- Britain had an abundance of coal close to the surface which led to the invention of steam engines. 

- Coal was the main factor that led to the Industrial Revolution. This is because it was the energy source that created the steam engine. 

- Coal mining was a very dangerous job. (many miners were children and a lot of them died in the mines.) 

- Farmer → Factories

Steam Engines

- Steam engines were first created because coal mines flooded often and they needed a way to pump water out of them. (ie the invention of the steam engine).

- This led to the investigation of Steamships, Railroad and advancements to the cotton industry. 

Cotton Manufacturing 

- Demand was very high for cheap clothes, cotton was more comfortable and cheaper than wool. 

- coal/steam powered inventions like the flying shuttle, spinning Jenny, water frame, and carding machine drastically increased the production of cotton clothes. 

- More slave and child labor in this industry due to it being a lot cheaper. 

Railroads

- Steam engine powered train 

- Iconnectivity for trade of ideas and goods that were quickly produced in industrialized areas. 

- The need for railroads increased the demand for iron to be manufactured.  

James Watt

- He made significant improvements to the steam engine and was a monumental figure for the Industrial Revolution. 

- the Watt is named after him

Friedrich List

- He made the blueprint for industrialization in Germany

- The “idea guy”

- “...gave German politicians an intellectual blueprint for using the power of the state to industrialize.”

Otto Von Bismarck

- Bismarck took Germany of its feudal state and quickly industrialized by making it difficult for workers to revolt or form unions

- Unified Germany

- the “do-er”

- banned SPD (social Democratic Party) to stop unions from forming

- After Karl Marx wrote the communist manifesto and was exiled, Bismarck made working conditions better so people would be incentivized to work longer and harder and not form unions or strike. 

Karl Marx

- exiled from Germany for his radical ideas that motivated the people to create unions and strike because of their poor working conditions. 

- Wrote the communist manifesto which Bismarck did see the truth in and led him to improve working conditions in Germany. 

Capitalism

- people’s views on Capitalism

- “It’s not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.” Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, 1776 

- “Capitalism is a social system based on the exploitation of the majority by a minority for their private profit” Karl Marx Das Kapital, 1867

- “The important thing for the Government is not to do things which individuals are doing already…but to do those things which at presents are not done at all.” - John Maynard Keynes (1924)

Adam Smith

- He wrote Wealth of Nations (1776) which argued that economic prosperity came from open trade, competition, and limited government interference. You can see this idea of limited interference in Britain and their industrial revolution. Contrasting that, Germany had 

John Keynes

- Contrasting Adam Smith, John Maynard Keynes believed that it was crucial for the government to intervene to maintain a stable economy. 

“Black Country”

- This term comes from what people would call Britain, the IR caused the trees and houses to be covered and soot. Pollution was very prominent and detrimental to people's health. Unfortunately, they did not know the effects on the climate yet.  

Russia

- Unlike Germany and Britain, Russia was very very very slow to industrialize. With limited education and an almost medieval government, it was hard to build factories and apply the already discovered inventions to everyday life. 

- Socially “backward,” no middle class; ⅔ of populations were still serfs as of 1850.

- The abolition of Feudalism in Russia was the main turning point for them, they began to rapidly industrialize in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

- Sergei Witte guides development in Russia (inspired by Friedrich List) 

Japan

- Little to no incentive to industrialize until 1850, they had cheap labor and internal stability. 

- largely agrarian and small nation (fewer resources) 

- It had high literacy rates and a culture of group loyalty, hierarchy and discipline. (this helped when they needed to industrialize). They also had government mandated and funded education. 

- finally incentivized by imposed trade conditions (gunboat diplomacy)/ coaling station demanded by the US fleet in 1853 by Matthew Perry. 

- Meiji restoration stressed the need to industrialize and raised feelings of nationalism (Yamato Race Theory) 

- 6x growth in industrial output (1870-1913) 

- Textile industry grows, first, and remains privately controlled

- They also produced iron, steel, railroads etc. 

Germany

- German spies went to Britain to see their blueprints and brought the ideas back to Germany. 

- people moved from Britain to Germany and brought ideas back. 

- More “science-y” than Britain in terms of research and development, lower wages, and it spread faster due to List and Bismarck. 

- Germany had to reform their government from a primitive feudal state to a constitutional monarchy. (a very big shift for not a lot of time). This allowed serfs to labor in mines and invent new items. 

- Bismarck made it so his workers had no freetime, no strikes, and no union (hastening the spread, but making people significantly less happy). 

Child Labor

- child labor was incredibly common during this period of time. 

- cheaper for companies and children often needed to make money to support their family. 

- Laboring in factories took the place of schooling in most cases.
- Thousands of children were killed when working in mines and cotton weaving factories. Those who worked in mines often developed lung diseases that were detrimental to their health. 

Tariffs

- Countries put tariffs on their goods to make it harder for other countries to industrialize and for more money. 

Competition

- The British were able to produce cotton quicker and for less money than the hand spun Indian textiles, causing many of them to lose their jobs.

- Along with that, the British also quickly improved their military/naval technologies with the invention of the steamship. This motivated other countries, such as Japan, to industrialize in order for them not to be conquered. 

Reform vs revolt

- Reform: unions, alliances (with middle/upper class sympathies) Defined as “...working within established institutions to achieve gradual improvements in working conditions and political rights.” This worked better in countries with a more representative system.

- Revolt: Attempting to radically alter or tear down an existing system, replacing it with something fundamentally different and new. EX: France, 1830, 1848, and 1871; Vienna, Paris, Milan, and Berlin all in 1848; Russia 1905.

The Good

- I would live to like 40 years old

- readily access to food, water, and basic necessities

- I have a normal amount of clothes instead of one dress and one pair of pants, shirts, and underwear. 

- economic growth 

- rise of public education

- improved communication

- global trade of goods + ideas

- scientific discoveries

The Medium

- shift from agrarian to industrial economy

- urbanization 

- growth of middle class

- emergence of new political ideologies

- development of consumer culture

- increased specialization of labor

The Bad

- Worker exploitation

- Child labor 

-environmental degradation

- urban overcrowding

- spread of disease due to overcrowding

- exploitation of natural resources

- loss of traditional craft

- horrible working conditions

- increased reliance on fossil fuels

Deindustrialization 

- the decrease of industrialization 

- For example with the British in India. The British prohibited industrialization in an attempt to suppress the people of India.

- Also, with the emergence of quick and cheap cotton clothing, Indian weavers were put out of business because their clothes were less and less needed. 

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Definition/ Relevance/ Context

British in India

- Indirect Rule through BEIC (British East India Company) A monopoly that controlled trade of weapons in India, run by the British.

- After taking over Ceylon and areas of Myanmar (1824), the British were able to trade control from BEIC to more direct methods

- Divide and Conquer: There were very different cultural and religious sections of India which allowed them to take over small bits at a time and rule places separately. They relied heavily on the huge separation between groups. The British turned  minority groups against the other Indians and used them in their own army (i.e. the Sikhs).

- Pushed ideals of the Indian’s being inferior and never allowed even the most elite to have much power (this caused unrest in to the Indians)

- They squeezed every ounce of resources out of India for their own profit without much advancement to India. 

Sepoy Rebellion:

- Causes: Taxes rise and land rights taken away, Indians treated inferior, Mosques torn down to be made into churches, Enfield Rifle controversy: The cartridges for the gun were greased with pig and cow fat, which offended both Muslims and Hindus.  

- During the Rebellion: BEIC + British Military + Sikh vs other Indian groups (led by Mangal Emperor). The British were VERY heavy handed with their attacks (making it very bloody) The British used soldiers that had just come from another battle they were fighting. (they had a lot more resources and people) so they eventually won. 

- Result: The full shift from BEIC control to a real imperial British colony “Jewel in the crown.” They realized the BEIC caused this so they gave Indians more say. INC, Indian National Congress developed. Hierarchy system, British still on top. Beginning of Independence, the Indians are able to see the power in cooperation and how the British rely on the dysfunction of the country. 

Europe in China

- Europe wants to make money off of China, but they don’t really have anything to trade with them so they trade drugs with them. But obviously China is against that so they get mad

- First Opium War- British - FREE TRADE!!! (we want more money). China - But… its drugs. British - Well we want money and we have more technology than you so we can still beat you. 

- Second Opium War - British - MORE MONEY!!! China - we are still in a HUGE internal rebellion (Taiping Rebellion) British - Well good for us, we can use that to our advantage. The British eventually took control of the ports for trade (to trade opium).

- More opium is bought from the British, for better or for worse

Taiping Rebellion - People were angry at their deteriorating government (death of the Qianlong Emperor). Loose government. Taxes + most revenue going to the army (soldiers were still underpaid and unequipped).Relied on landowner. SOOO many people died of opium use and the state was weakened from the first opium war. Because of all of this, people were very vulnerable and would follow anyone that would offer them protection/belief systems. That is where Hong Xiuquan comes in. After failing imperial examinations he looked for other sources of reliance (ie. he believed he was Jesus’s younger brother) Xiuquan started a community and gained followers that were poorer and more easily influenced. These people wanted an escape government and most did not even believe that he was Jesus’s Brother. Xiuquan and his followers began a civil war against the Qing Emperor because of their continued disappointment and anger. It Lasted 14 years (1850 - 1864) 50 to 400 million people died in those years.

French in Algeria

- Causes: Loose government (which made it easy to take over). The Algerian’s angered French officials by practicing piracy and ransoming Christian captives. The French wanted resources that Algeria had. Arguments were the final trigger

- The takeover: Began in the 1830s and after a couple decades it was part of France, but a colony in name. The French were much more industrialized and had a lot more technical advancements. 

- Result: The French forcefully pushed locals off their land for European, Italian, and Spanish Settlers. The French were less reliant on cooperation of the elite than the British in India, but used the same method of divide and rule. Squeezed resources out of Algeria for French use. 

Scramble for Africa

- Causes: Europeans wanted MORE LAND!!! Algeria 1830 —> Berlin Conference 1885. Organized by Bismarck at the request of Leopold II of Belgium (Belgium even though small wanted land too). The Berlin Conference set the “rules to the game” - no slavery, no guns (traded to Africans), no liquor, no USA, and no African Nations. 1885-1914 - ALL of Africa forcibly colonized. 

- Why not earlier? Diseases → malaria, sleeping sickness. Defense → African steel, early guns were not very good.

- What changes? Medical advancement. (ie quinine). Military + old technological advancement (ie maxim gun, steamboats).

- Motives: Nationalism/competitor. Resources: Cotton, copper, rubber etc and Land. WMB/ social darwinism.

- Mean/Methods: I.R. → guns + other technology. Divide and rule; There are HUNDREDS if not THOUSANDS of different tribes and ideologies in each territory that the Europeans took over. They used that to their advantage. Direct + indirect power. Wide variety of methods from diplomacy to war. In the CongoThey used missionaries to make Africans feel like it was good that they were poor and struggled. (used Christianity to pacify them). 

- The Europeans did not invest anything into infrastructure or improving living conditions unless it benefited the Europeans. (ie mining)

- People were obviously mad by all of this and it was often bloody and gruesome. There was not a lot they could do, they did not undergo an industrial revolution and were very divided. 

Congo responses -

- The Congo was directly ruled by Leopold II of Belgium and was a very brutal system.

- Because of the hundreds of tribes, ethnicities, and religions in this area, they were often pinned against each other and many died. 

- King Leopold lacked any empathy for the people and constantly put them under distress. Used Christianity to pacify them and teach them that it was good that they struggled and were impoverished. “Your Majesty’s Government is excessively cruel to its prisoners, condemning them, for the slightest offences, to the chain gang, the like of which can not be seen in any other Government in the civilized or uncivilized world.” “Often these ox-chains eat into the necks of the prisoners and produce sores about which the flies circle, aggravating the running wound; so the prisoner is constantly worried.” “These poor creatures are frequently beaten with a dried piece of hippopotamus skin, called a “chicote”, and usually the blood flows at every stroke when well laid on.” “ Your knowledge of the gospel will allow you to find texts encouraging your followers to love poverty, like ‘Happier are the poor because they will inherit the heaven’ and, ‘It’s very difficult for the rich to enter the kingdom of God.’ You have to make them abandon everything which gives them the courage to affront [resist] us.” He didn’t care!! He SPELT it out to his missionaries.

- All in all, there was little that could be done by the Africans at this time. 

Japan in East Asia

- They imperialised to defend themselves from being imperialised. Since they were late to the imperialist game so they could observe what the Europeans did to neighboring countries. In order to avoid the same fate, they jumped on the imperialist train. 

- They also wanted the resources in the other countries and rationalised it through the Yamato Race Theory (the idea that they were the superior race) They started with conquering Hokkaido + settling in it during the 18th and 19th century (at the expense of the indigenous Ainu). Killed a lot of Ainu from smallpox. Took over Taiwan in 1870 after the Sino-Japanese war,  and some settled there. They took over Korea as well, but basically no Japanese people settled there, they used it mostly for farmland. Forced Koreans to be tenants on the land they originally owned. 

- How were they able to get all this technology? Gunboat diplomacy; they opened their ports to the Americans after hundreds of years of having closed ports. Meiji Restoration; Reestablished rule of emperor, more Nationalism, more Imperialistic views. 

- Decrease of native populations. 

- From my readings, it does not seems like they did anything to fight back and adapted to the constant need for more resources (squeezing resources out of the land)

- Not very happy, some reports of people being forced to change their names to Japanese names.

-“I
got beaten
up
many
times
by
the
Japanese
because I
resisted
changing
my name
to
Japanese.
Everybody
around
me
changed
theirs,
but
I
had
lost
my
grandfather and
then
my
father,
and
had
taken
over
the
responsibility
of
eldest
son.
That
is
why
I
tried
not
to
change
my
name.
But
I
got
tired
of
being
so
badly
beaten…”

- People forcefully taken to work for major corporations,

-“The
Japanese
crowded
us
into
a
school
ground
in
Seoul
and
then
took
us
to
Pusan.
There
were
thousands
of
us,
from
all
over
the
country,
some
in
old‑fashioned
Korean
clothes,
some
in
 modern
dress.
They
put
us
on
a
ship.
”

-“The
guards
herded
us
into
long
barracks,
located
in
a
suburb
of
Kobe.
Our
 group
had
six
thousand
 Korean,
 three
 thousand
 for
 Mitsubishi
 and
three
thousand
for
Kawasaki.
All
in
those
barracks.
Can
you
imagine?”

-“We
were
young
and
hungry
and
full
of
appetite.
How
can
you
get
by
with
that
food
when
you
are
 only
 twenty‑one? In
desperation
some
 tried
 to
 sneak
more
 food,
and
then
 they
were
severely
beaten.
Severely!
I
just
couldn’t
bear
it.
…”

- A lot of discrimination against Koreans (Less job opportunities and unequal pay). 

Yamato Race Theory

- The Yamato Race Theory the idea that the Japanese were one of the superior races (like the British) and that they were doing the world a favor by conquering because they were spreading the superior race. 

Berlin Conference of 1885

- The Berlin Conference set the “rules to the game” for conquering Africa - no slavery, no guns (traded to Africans), no liquor, no USA, and no African Nations. 

White Man’s Burden

- White Man’s Burden was a poem written by Rudyard Kipling to the Americans and what their mindset should be when taking land from Native Americans. 

- It is a burden to take land from these inferior people, but we have to do it because it will benefit them and spread the superior race.

- “Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.” 

Non-violent responses

- Some people protested by using things like their name. For example, a Korean man was forced to change his name to a Japanese name. So he did, but added meaning to the name he chose. 

- “I finally changed my name to Otake. The O in the Chinese character is Korean Tae, the first syllable of the place where I was born. The take, meaning bamboo, is for the huge bamboo grove behind our house.”

- And written documents addressed to the British that tried to reason with them. 

- “The natives call the British system ‘Sakar ki Churi,’ the knife of sugar. That is to say, there is no oppression, it is all smooth and sweet, but it is the knife, notwithstanding. I mention this that you should know these feelings. Our great misfortune is that you do not know our wants.”

- And, “I have heard that the smoking of opium is very strictly forbidden by your country; that is because the harm caused by opium is clearly understood. Since it is not permitted to do harm to your own country, then even less should you let it be passed on to the harm of other countries…”

Trade

- Industrialized countries need more ports to sell their goods and to get more resources because they are producing stuff at such a rapid rate.