CSCC Psychology Chapter 8: Human Development

The transitional period from adolescence to adulthood is known as _______ ____________.

Emerging Adulthood

Mastering intellectual skills, mastering knowledge, and occuring between age 6 to puberty is typical of Erikson's stage of ________ vs. _________.

industry vs. inferiority

_________ parents are rigid and value unquestioning obedience.

Authoritarian

A parent who wants their child to "find their way in life" and places few demands on their child's behavior, provides extra love, but very few rules, displays _________ parenting.

Permissive

Confusion about who one is and what they want out of life is, and who to be, and what to do, where to go in life, is _______ vs. _________ confusion.

Identity

Marcia proposed the concept of identity ______ to describe a person's position in the development of identity.

Identity status

During middle and late childhood (6 years to puberty), children enter school and gain competence in academic skills. Just as the label industry would suggest, children find that this is the time to get to work, learn, achieve, and learn to enjoy learning. This is _________ vs ___________.

Industry vs. inferiority

Infancy (birth to 1½ years) is concerned with establishing trust in the social world. At this stage, the helpless infant depends on caregivers to establish a sense that the world is a predictable and friendly place. Once trust is established, toddlers begin to see themselves as independent agents in the world. This is __________ vs. _______.

Trust versus mistrust

During toddlerhood (1½ to 3 years), children, many of whom are going through toilet training, experience the beginnings of self-control. When these young children have the opportunity to experience control over their own behaviors, they develop the capacity for independence and confidence. This is ___________ vs. ______________.

Autonomy versus shame and guilt

In early childhood (ages 3 to 5), preschoolers experience what it is like to forge their own interests and friendships and to take on responsibilities. If you have ever spent time with a 3-year-old, you know how often the child wants to help with whatever an adult is doing. When they experience a sense of taking on responsibility, preschoolers develop initiative. Otherwise, according to Erikson, they may feel guilty or anxious. This is ______________ vs. ____________.

Initiative versus guilt

Who are you? This question pertains to which of the following theories?

Marcia's Exploration and Committment

"It occurs during 1.5 years of life", and "The outcome depends on whether the infant's caretakers meet its needs", is in regards to Erikson's _________ vs. ___________ stage?

Trust vs Mistrust

In Piaget's view, human beings use _______ to make sense of their experience. A ________ is a mental concept or framework that organizes information and provides a structure for interpreting it. ______ are expressed as various behaviors and skills that the child can exercise in relation to objects or situations.

Schemas

According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating _______ experiences with ______ actions.

Sensory; physical

True or false: Mary, one-and-a-half years old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. According to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has...

Accomplished object permanence?

True

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, where a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is _______ permanence.

Object permanence

According to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur?

2-7yrs

According to Piaget, _______ is a belief that objects continue to possess physical attributes (such as volume) despite superficial changes.

Conservation

The child's thought in the preoperational stage is ____________. This does not mean that the child is self-centered or arrogant but that preoperational children cannot put themselves in someone else's shoes. They cannot take another's perspective

Egocentric

Kaylee is reading a picture book and assumes that her mother who is across the room can see the pictures. This is an example of _________ thought?

Egocentric

Piaget's _______ operational stage (7 to 11 years of age) involves using operations and replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations

Concrete

Individuals enter the _________ operational stage of cognitive development at 11 to 15 years of age. This stage continues through the adult years. __________ operational thought is more abstract and logical than concrete operational thought. Most importantly, ________ operational thinking includes thinking about things that are not concrete, making predictions, and using logic to come up with hypotheses about the future

formal

Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of developement often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this __________.

Intuitive thought

Which of Piaget's stages occurs from ages 7-12 and is characterized by logical thought, reversibility, and the loss of egocentrism?

Concrete operational

Madeline is 16 years old. She is able to think somewhat like a scientist, devising plans to solve problems and testing solutions. Which of Piaget's stages is Madeline in?

Formal operational

The following are true of _______'s theory of ____________:

Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others, there is an emphasis on collaborative learning, and the goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture.

Vygotsky's Theory of Development

Researchers have also expanded on Piaget's view of adolescent cognition. In addition to advancing into Piaget's stage of formal operational thinking, another characteristic of adolescent thinking, especially in early adolescence, is ___________. Although ____________has been noted as an aspect of children's cognition, adolescent ____________involves the belief that others are as preoccupied with the adolescent as he or she is, that one is unique, and that one is invincible (meaning unable to be harmed). ___________at this developmental period is revealed, for example, when an adolescent perceives others to be noticing and watching her or him more than is the case.

egocentrism

Many adolescents and adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed in which of his stages of development?

Formal

The specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other is known as ________.

Lateralization

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal are the correctly ordered stages of ________ development.

Prenatal

Heroin, alcohol, and thalidomide are examples of ___________.

teratogens

A doctor is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. He wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents, versus looking at the two pictures equally. She is using the ___ technique.

Perferential looking

The human body is at its physical peak at age ___.

20

_______ is a basic, innate emotional disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.

Temperament

_________ attachment is the close emotional bond between an infant and his or her caregiver.

Infant

The three domains of development are _____, ______, and _________.

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional.

____________ development involves changes that occur with age in people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding the principles and values that guide them as they interact with others .

Moral

________ is a persons genetic traits passed down to her, whereas phenotype is her observable characteristics.

Genotype

____________ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life.

Development

________________ is the adolescent has neither explored nor committed to an identity. Adolescents experiencing identity diffusion may describe themselves as not caring about much in the world. They have not confronted the crisis of identity or are so overwhelmed by the challenge of answering the question "Who am I?" that they have withdrawn. These individuals may find themselves in crisis. Eventually, as they engage in life, these adolescents will begin the process of thinking about what matters (and what does not) and enter into the stage of exploration called moratorium.

Identity diffusion

____________ is, after exploring the options and committing to an identity, the adolescent emerges with a sense of his or her own values and principles, a sense of the kind of person he or she wishes to be, and goal commitments that provide his or her life with a feeling of purpose.

Identity achievement

_____________ is the adolescent has committed to a particular identity but has done so without actually exploring his or her options. An example is a girl who decides to pursue accounting as a major in college because everyone in her family is an accountant.

Identity foreclosure

______________ is the adolescent is actively exploring and trying on new roles but has not committed to a particular identity. For example, consider an adolescent who passionately throws himself into a variety of internship opportunities to see what different jobs might be like, or the first-year college student who takes a range of different classes to explore potential careers.

Identity moratorium

A ____________ study assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period. A __________ study can find out not only whether age groups differ but also whether the same individuals change with respect to a particular characteristic as they age.

Longidudinal

The main class of male sex hormones such as testosterone are _________.

androgens

True or false: The core knowledge approach to infant cognitive development is based on the idea that babies are born with "prewired" knowledge systems that allow them to make sense of their worlds

True

Which is true: Infants are more drawn to a mother that gives milk/ food than warmth

Infants are more drawn to the warmth of a mothers body than milk/ food

Infants are more drawn to and dependent upon the warmth of a mother than food!

What are the two forms of Marcia's identity status?

Exploration and confusion

cross-sectional design

A research design in which a group of people is assessed on a psychological variable at one point in time.

longitudinal design

A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time.

nature

An individual’s biological inheritance, especially genes.

nurture

An individual’s environmental and social experiences.

resilience

A person’s ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

Physical Development

involve changes in an individual's biological nature. Genes inherited from parents, the hormonal changes of puberty and menopause, and changes throughout life in the brain, height and weight, and motor skills all reflect the developmental role of biological processes. Physical development is often termed maturation because it involves an unfolding of biological processes

Prenatal Development

The development of a human before birth

Teratogen

Any agent that causes a problem in prenatal development

Cognitive Development

involve changes in a person's thought, intelligence, and language. It refers to a host of skills, such as learning to read, engaging in problem solving, and mastering calculus. Observing a colorful mobile as it swings above a crib, constructing a sentence about the future, imagining oneself as a contestant on The Voice or as president of the United States, memorizing a new telephone number-these activities reflect the role of cognitive processes in development.

4 Stages of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

1. sensorimotor stage

2. preoperational stage

3. concrete operational stage

4. formal operational stage

sensorimotor stage

Birth to 2; The infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences.

with physical actions. An infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage. A key component of this stage is object permanence.

preoperational stage

2 to 7; The child begins to represent the world with words and images.

These words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory information and physical action.

Thinking is egocentric, meaning the child cannot take another's perspective.

concrete operational stage

7 to 11; The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets.

Hallmarks of this stage are the capacities to reverse operations and appreciate the concept of conservation.

formal operational stage

11 to adulthood marked by significant shifts in children's ability to think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically.

Assimilation

An individual’s incorporation of new information into existing knowledge.

Accommodation

An individual’s adjustment of their schemas to new information.

executive function

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving.

socioemotional development

involve changes in a person's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality. An infant's smile in response to a parent's touch, a child's development of assertiveness, an adolescent's joy at the senior prom, a young adult's ambition at work, and an older couple's affection for each other all reflect the role of socioemotional processes.

secure attachment

The ways that infants use their caregiver, usually their mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment.

Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair

(E8)Stage 1: Trust versus Mistrust

Developmental period: Infancy (birth to 1.5 years)

Characteristics: A sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort and minimal amount of fear about the future. Infants' basic needs are met by responsive, sensitive caregivers.

(E8)Stage 2: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Developmental period: Toddlerhood (1.5 to 3 years)

Characteristics: After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants start to discover that they have a will of their own. They assert their sense of autonomy, or independence. They realize their will. If infants are restrained too much or punished too harshly, they are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubt.

(E8)Stage 3: Initiative versus Guilt

Developmental period: Early childhood (preschool years, ages 3 to 5)

Characteristics: As preschool children encounter a widening social world, they are challenged more and need to develop more purposeful behavior to cope with these challenges. Children are now asked to assume more responsibility. Uncomfortable guilt feelings may arise, though, if the children are irresponsible and are made to feel too anxious.

(E8) Stage 4: Industry versus Inferiority

Developmental period: Middle and late childhood (elementary school years, age 6 to puberty)

Characteristics: At no other time are children more enthusiastic than at the end of early childhood's period of expansive imagination. As children move into the elementary school years, they direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. The danger at this stage involves feeling incompetent and unproductive.

(E8) Stage 5: Identity versus Identity Confusion

Developmental period: Adolescence (10 to 20 years)

Characteristics: Individuals are faced with finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. An important dimension is the exploration of alternative solutions to roles. Career exploration is important.

(E8) Stage 6: Intimacy versus Isolation

Developmental period: Early adulthood (20s, 30s)

Characteristics: Individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships with others.

Erikson described intimacy as finding oneself yet losing oneself in another person.

(E8) Stage 7: Generativity versus Stagnation

Developmental period: Middle adulthood (40s, 50s)

Characteristics: A chief concern is to assist the younger generation in developing and leading useful lives.

(E8) Stage 8: Integrity versus Despair

Developmental period: Late adulthood (605-)

Characteristics: Individuals look back and evaluate what they have done with their lives. The retrospective glances can be either positive (integrity) or negative (despair)

Baumrind’s 4 Basic Parenting Styles

1. authoritarian parenting

2. authoritative parenting

3. neglectful parenting

4. permissive parenting

authoritarian parenting

A restrictive, punitive parenting style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent’s directions and to value hard work and effort.

authoritative parenting

A parenting style that encourages the child to be independent but that still places limits and controls on behavior.

neglectful parenting

A parenting style characterized by a lack of parental involvement in the child’s life.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child’s behavior.

Gender

The social and psychological aspects of being male, female, both, or neither.

Gender Identity

A person’s inner concept of themselves in relation to the ideas of being male, female, both, or neither.

Sexual Orientation

The direction of an individual’s erotic interests, today viewed as a continuum from exclusive male–female relations to exclusive same-gender relations.

Gender Roles

Roles that reflect the society’s expectations for how people of different genders should think, act, and feel.

Gender SImilarities Hypothesis

Hyde’s proposition that people of different genders are much more similar than they are different.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development consisted of three broad levels

1. Preconventional

2. Conventional

3. Postconventional

(KMD) Preconventional Level

The person's moral reasoning is based primarily on the consequences of a behavior and on punishments and rewards from the external world. Reasoning is guided by not wanting Heinz to go to jail or by concern for the pharmacist's profits. A child who reasons that he should not steal the drug because someone might get mad would occupy this stage.

(KMD) Conventional Level

The person abides by standards learned from parents or society's laws. At this level a person might reason that Heinz should follow the law no matter what.

(KMD) Postconventional Level

The person recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code. At this level, the person might reason that Heinz's wife's life is more important than a law. When a person is able to think deeply and reason beyond consequences or external codes (such as laws), that person is reasoning at the postconventional level. At this level, the person might even feel guilty for not breaking a law that they viewed as unfair or unjust

prosocial behavior

Behavior that is intended to benefit other people.