Biology Chapter 9 Dynamic Study Module Review

Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which process?

Reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle AND producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria

Which of the following metabolic pathways produce the most ATP per glucose molecule metabolized during cellular respiration?

The electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

The energy from the electrons in NADH and FADH₂ fuel what process in the electron transport chain?

The pumping of H⁺ across the cristae of the mitochondrion

After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of?

NADH

Cells must regulate their metabolic pathways so that they do not waste resources. What is the most common mechanism that regulates cellular respiration in most cells?

Feedback inhibition of glycolysis

What is a correct description of the sequence of events in cellular respiration?

1. Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate

2. Oxidation of pyruvate

3. Oxidation of acetyl-coA

4. Oxidative phosphorylation

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which process?

Transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle which steps occur?

Pyruvate is oxidized and decarboxylated and the removed electrons are used to reduce an NAD⁺ to an NADH

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Glycolysis

The ATP synthase in a human cell obtains energy for synthesizing ATP directly from which process?

The flow of H⁺ across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme

In which process is glucose oxidized to form 2 molecules of pyruvate?

Glycolysis

Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which process?

Citric acid cycle

Fermentation by itself produces no ATP but keeps glycolysis going, which produces a small amount of ATP. How does fermentation do this?

Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD⁺ which facilitates the production of ATP in glycolysis

All of the processes involved in cellular respiration produce ATP. Which process produces the most?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Which part of the catabolism of glucose by cellular respiration requires molecular oxygen and produces carbon dioxide?

The combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport

What is the function of cellular respiration?

To extract usable energy from glucose

Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to?

Regenerate NAD⁺

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate/alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step?

Enables the cell to recycle the reduced NADH to oxidized NAD⁺

During the energy investment phase of glycolysis?

Glucose is phosphorylated before it is split into two 3-Carbon molecules

In what molecules is the majority of the chemical energy from pyruvate transferred during the citric acid cycle?

NADH and FADH₂

What is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain?

It is reduced to form water

In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, what is oxidized and what is reduced?

Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

What correctly describes the difference between alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation?

Lactic acid fermentation produces lactate while alcohol fermentation produces ethanol

Most of the ATP in cellular respiration is produced by the process of chemiosmosis. How does this process produce ATP?

H⁺ flows across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the enzyme ATP synthase

During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen is used for what purpose?

At the end of electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H₂O

During the energy payoff phase of glycolysis what is produced?

NADH and ATP

Glucose is the primary fuel for cellular respiration. What molecules can also be used by cellular respiration to generate ATP?

Amino acids, glycerol, and fatty acids