Cumulative Key Terms

Cumulative Key Terms

Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World of Europe and Africa and the New World of the Americas

• intense included Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, horses, cows and pigs.

• Diseases like small pox also came along and cost the life of many native Americans

Half-Way Covenant

A Puritan church document (1662) that allowed the children of puritans, who didn’t do their “conversion experience” to become members of the puritan church. They were not allowed to hold church office or receive certain sacraments, but were still regarded as members of the church.

• established by the puritans to ease requirements for church membership by allowing the baptism of the children of baptized but converted puritans

First Great Awakening

A religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement came at a time when the idea of secular rationalism was being emphasized, and passion for religion had grown stale

Second Great Awakening

A period of Protestant revival that occurred from 1790-1840 and led many people to convert to protestantism. It sparked new protestant denominations such as Adventism and the Latter-Day Saints

• woman made Americans aware of moral issues of slavery and led to prison reform and Prohibitionist thinking

Internal Improvements

Henry Clay’s three part economic plan to American/Industrial success! It called for the first American protective tariff (1816), reestablishment of the Bank of the US, and an internal improvement→infrastructure! Roads! Canals!

Nullification

A doctrine that gave states the right to void any federal law that they deemed unconstitutional

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that the laws/future of a state should be decided by the people of that state. This idea was used to decide whether states would allow or ban slavery by having the people of the state vote on whether slavery would be legal or not

Social Gospel

A response to the rapid urbanization of the late 1800s that said it was the will of God to take care of the suffering and those less fortunate. It became popular during the industrial revolution when many people had hard, intense mining/factory jobs for very little pay.

• Applied christian values to social problems in an attempt to solve them

• Belief that Christians have the responsibility to confront social problems like poverty actively. Real social change would result from dedication to both religious practice and reform

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive when it comes to the economy and politics

• advocated by Rockefeller

New Immigrants

In the late 1800s, Europe had an enormous population explosion. (This was because people finally figured out how to grow food properly and simultaneously vaccinate their kids so they all didn’t die ) Europe was running out of room for all the new people and America was a large, resource-rich land of opportunity. In order to escape their crowded and poor lives, immigrants fled to America en masse

• massive wave of immigrants from a poorer background in southern and Eastern Europe

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban political bosses

Vertical Integration

A monopoly system where one company owns all parts of the manufacturing process (Production and distribution)

• A chocolate monopoly with this type of integration would own the cows/cocoa trees, the factory, and the stores that sold the chocolate.

• Andrew Carnegie with US Steel

Horizontal Integration

A type of monopoly where the company owns all of one resource in the manufacturing process (control of competitors)

• A chocolate monopoly with this type of integration would own every single cow and every single cocoa tree

• John D Rockefeller with US Oil Industry

(War)Hawks

Young and rowdy politicians in Congress that would pine for a war against Britain. They justified this idea with the fact that American sailors and ships were being seized and manhandled.

Doves

Politicians that were against war and didn't want american involvement in other countries

Republican Motherhood

The idea that women had this duty to care for and educate children/bring them up to be good citizens. Cultivate “Civic Virtue” in these children or just feed them nice ol’ republican values.

• Elevated the role of women and gave them more educational opportunities.

• They were now special keepers of the nation’s conscience.

Mercantilism

Adopted by Britain, applied to colonies: wealth good, gold and silver good. Export more than import! Enforced by Navigation Laws (see below).

• Navigation Laws: All commerce to/from colonies must be transported with British/colonial vessels. Tariffs (taxes) too. Loosely enforced until 1763.

Deism

Belief in a supreme being that does not interfere with the universe in any way whatsoever. The movement was initiated during the enlightenment and spread throughout america in the 17-1800’s

Republicanism

The idea of ruling a country through governing the nation as a republic, where the leader is appointed through elections. Traditionally has limited government powers meaning to serve the will of the people.

Judicial Review

Supreme court has final say in what laws are constitutional

• Occurred during the Marbury v Madison trial

Jacksonian Democracy

A political philosophy that started with Jackson’s Presidency and lasted until the 1850s. It extended the voting rights from the rich elites to all property-owning white men (a big jump!). It campaigned against a political environment only ran by rich elites.

• expansion of white male suffrage, appointing political positions and opposition to Eastern elites

Manifest Destiny

The belief that God had destined the U.S. for expansion westward to the Pacific Ocean

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that allowed for the discrimination of blacks while voting (literacy tests, poll tax, grandfather clause)

• Keyword: disenfranchisement

Gospel of Wealth

A book by Andrew Carnegie that said the rich have a responsibility to be philanthropists in order to help the economy. It justified social Darwinism by giving the thought that even if you are poor, you will have support

• The rich are the “guardians of society” that can serve society by funding institutions such as colleges and public libraries

Frontier Thesis

The idea by Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic, shaped our values, emphasized important of cheap unsettled land and inspirational power of the frontier.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

• This is ironic because the large majority of “natives” that didnt want new immigrants were originally from europe

• Formed by Know-nothing party

Taylorism

A system of industrial management promoted by Frederick W. Taylor, that took advantage of every second in order to maximize efficiency in factories.

Laissez-Faire Economic

A type of capitalism where the government interferes little to not at all with the economy, where survival of the fittest is the only regulation in commerce

Domino Theory

The idea that political events in one country affect other countries in a “falling domino” stye

• Used to describe communism

Black Power

emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests

• Promoted the idea of a self-sufficient black institutions and economy that was separate from the whites

Reaganomics

Basically Spend less on social programs and more on military

Cult of Domesticity

The idea that women belong at the center of their families, working at home.