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Interstitial Fluid (IF)
Monitored by Autonomic Nervous System
Adjusts heart rate
Pulmonary Circuit
Carries blood to the LUNGS for OXYGENATION
Systemic Circuit
Carries oxygen rich blood to the BODY
At the Heart
Each circuit BEGIN and ENDS at the
2 circuits are completed in sequence
OUTER FIBROUS Pericardium
INNER SEROUS Pericardium
The Pericardium surrounds the heart and is composed of 2 parts called
OUTER FIBROUS Pericardium
Composed of dense network of COLLAGEN fibers that stabilize the position of the heart
INNER SEROUS Pericardium
Composed of an outer PARIETAL layer & inner VISCERAL layer
Parietal cavity lies b/w these layers
Parietal fluid here (cushions heart)
The Visceral Layer OR Epicardium
Covers the outer surface of the heart
Myocardium
Cardiac muscle tissue that forms the atria and ventricles
Endocardium
Covers the inner surface of the heart including the valves
Cardiac Muscle Characteristics
Smaller & UNInucleate
Depends on AEROBIC RESPIRATION
large # of blood vessels
Contract W/O nervous stimulation
Interconnected by special cell junctions:
Intercalated Discs
Desmosomes
Plasma membrane of 2 adjacent cells are bound together by
GAP Junctions
Allow passage of ions and small molecules
Cardiac Skeleton (elastic sheath of fibers) Functions:
Stabilize POSITION of heart
Distribute force of contraction
Reinforce valves & provide elasticity to heart
ISOLATES Atrial & Ventricular muscle cells
A shallow INTERATIAL Grove
______ separates the L/R Atria
Deeper CORONARY Sulcus
______ separates the ATRIA from the VENTRICLES
SAME SIDE of the heart
Blood flows from ea. Atria to the Ventricle on the
InterATRIAL Septum
Separates the ATRIA
InterVENTRICULAR Septum
Separates the Ventricles
3x Thicker
The wall of the Lt Ventricle is _______ than that of the right
AORTIC Semilunar Valve
Blood leaving the ventricle passes through the
Systole
Heart muscles are CONTRACTED
Diastole
Heart muscles are RELAXED
NODAL Cells
Establish the rate of contraction
Plasma mem. can depolarize quickly
When depolarization occurs an action potential is generated
The action potential starts the cardiac cycle
Conducting Cells
Distribute the contractile STIMULUS to the myocardium
Which cell reach threshold first
The normal rate of contraction is determined by