Unit 1 Exam Micro

What are the 7 different types of microorganisms?

Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, Multicellular animal parasites, Viruses.

Which types of microorganisms are prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea.

Which are eukaryotes?

Protozoa, Fungi, Algae, Multicellular animal parasites.

Which are acellular?

Viruses.

Which have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

Bacteria.

Which have pseudomurein in their cell walls?

Archaea.

Which have chitin in their cell walls?

Fungi.

Which have cellulose in their cell walls?

Algae.

Which are only unicellular?

Bacteria, Archaea, Protozoa.

Which are only multicellular?

Multicellular animal parasites.

Which can be either?

Fungi and Algae.

What contribution did Robert Hooke make to microbiology?

Made first microscopes to see eukaryotic cells.

What contribution did Anton van Leeuwenhoek make to microbiology?

Microscope for prokaryotes.

What contribution did Louis Pasteur make to microbiology?

Designed S-Shaped flask that kept microbes out but air in.

What is the difference between spontaneous generation and biogenesis?

Spontaneous generation: Living organisms arise from nonliving matter. Biogenesis: Living organisms only arise from preexisting life.

How was the controversy finally settled?

Pasteur discovered that microorganisms are present on or in nonliving matter (solid, liquid, air). Microbial life can be destroyed by heat, aseptic technique.

What is the germ theory of disease?

Microorganisms cause infectious disease.

What was Joseph Lister's contribution to microbiology?

Introduced disinfectant (Listerine).

What was Edward Jenner's contribution to microbiology?

Created vaccination for smallpox/cowpox (Vacc after cow).

What was Paul Erlich's contribution to microbiology?

Developed synthetic drug.

What was Alexander Fleming's contribution to microbiology?

Discovered first antibiotic (Penicillin).

What is the difference between a synthetic drug and an antibiotic?

Synthetic drug is prepared in lab (man-made), Antibiotic is chemical produced by a microbe to kill competing microbes (microbe-made).

What is studied in the fields of bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, and immunology?

Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Protozoa and parasitic worms, Immunity.

What is human microbiota?

Microbes present in and on the human body.

In what ways do microbiota benefit humans?

Aid in food digestion and synthesizes compounds/vitamins needed in body (Vitamin B12, Folic acid).

Under what circumstances might microbiota be harmful to us?

Moving to where they don't belong can cause disease in our body.

What are opportunistic pathogens?

Cause disease in our body if they have the opportunity.

What are strict pathogens?

Always trying to hurt us and associated with human disease.

What is an emerging infectious disease?

New diseases and increasing cases in numbers such as COVID-19, AIDS.

What are 5 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic: small, one circular chromosome, no membrane-bound organelle, peptidoglycan cell walls if bacteria, pseudomurein cell wall if archaea, binary fission, 70S ribosome. Eukaryotic: big, paired chromosomes, contained in nuclear membrane, membrane-bound organelles, cell walls made of polysaccharides, mitosis, 80S ribosome.

What is the function of a cell wall?

Protection and prevention of osmotic.

What do all bacterial cell walls consist of?

Peptidoglycan.

Describe a gram-positive cell wall.

Purple, many layers of peptidoglycan, has teichoic and lipoteichoic acid.

Describe a gram-negative cell wall.

Light red, fewer layers of peptidoglycan, has an outer membrane. Can cause endotoxic shock.

Describe an acid-fast cell wall.

Has few layers of peptidoglycan. Waxy lipid layer of mycolic acid. Water-based. Can't be colored with staining.

Why does penicillin exclusively target bacterial cells?

Targets peptidoglycan cell wall. Only effective against bacterial infections.

What is the function of a capsule?

Disguise itself to not be killed by phagocytosis. Sticky layer. (Allows bacteria to adhere and prevents phagocytosis.)

What is the function of flagella?

Movement.

What is an axial filament?

Collection of internal/endo flagella. Only spirochetes have this.

What is the function of fimbriae?

Help to stick to epithelial surfaces.

What is the function of pili?

Transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another called conjugation.

Define selective permeability.

Certain substances can pass through membrane. Such as small nonpolar molecules.

How is passive movement different from active movement?

Passive moves high to low without use of energy. Active uses energy to move low to high.

How are simple and facilitated diffusion similar and different?

They are both passive transports. No need for energy. Difference: Simple moves directly through plasma membrane from high to low. Facilitated uses transport protein from high to low.

What is osmosis?

Movement and diffusion of water across membrane. Passive.

What are the 3 types of osmotic solutions? Describe what happens to a cell in each.

Isotonic (no net movement), hypotonic (water moves into cell, cell swells), hypertonic (water moves out of cell, cell shrinks).

What occurs during active movement? What is required?

Low to high. ATP and transporter protein.

What is the function of a ribosome?

Protein synthesis.

What is the function of an endospore?

Allows bacterium to survive a harsh environment.

What are the two main bacterial genera that can form endospores?

Bacillus and Clostridium.

What is metabolism?

All chemical reactions in an organism.

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Catabolism breaks down molecules and reactions release energy. Anabolism requires energy to build new molecules.

What is the function of ATP?

Stores energy from catabolic reactions and releases energy for anabolic reactions.

What is an enzyme?

Molecule that speeds up a biochemical reaction in a living organism.

What is activation energy?

Energy needed to disrupt electronic configurations, causing chem reaction to occur.

What is reaction rate?

Frequency of collision with enough energy to bring a reaction.

How do enzymes impact each?

Help things happen faster.

How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?

Bring enzymes together making it easier to react and speed up chemical reactions in living things.

What is an apoenzyme?

Protein portion of enzyme.

What is a cofactor/coenzyme?

Non protein helpers.

What is a holoenzyme?

Complete enzyme. (Apoenzyme+cofactor+coenzyme)

How does a cofactor or a coenzyme assist an enzyme?

Accepting or donating atoms required by substrate and act as electron carrier.

Do all enzymes require a cofactor or a coenzyme?

No. Ex: Apoenzyme are complete and functional on their own. Holoenzyme requires assistance of cofactor or coenzyme to be fully active.

What factors affect enzyme activity?

Temp, pH, Inhibitors. How? Change in temp or pH can denature protein. Denature is when the enzyme structure is lost and loses its ability to function.

What is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?

Competitive: Similar shape, try to take same space as enzyme. Noncompetitive: Binds elsewhere on enzyme. Don't try to take space, just makes it slower for enzyme.

Why does a cell prefer to store its energy as ATP?

ATP is quick and will give energy faster.

What are the 3 mechanisms of ATP production?

Substrate-level phosphorylation - direct transfer of energy, Oxidative phosphorylation - etc provides energy, photophosphorylation - energy comes from sun. (won't be used anymore in class)

Where is the energy stored in nutrient molecules?

In covalent bonds, which are shared pair of electrons.

What is the product of catabolic reactions?

ATP

Define oxidation.

Loss of electrons

Define reduction.

Gain of electrons

What is exchanged during a cellular redox reaction?

Electrons with a proton (as a hydrogen atom)

Name two ways in which microbes catabolize carbohydrates.

Cellular respiration and fermentation

At the end of glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvic acid are produced for each molecule of glucose?

2

How many molecules of NADH are produced at the end of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?

2

What is the net production of ATP at the end of glycolysis for each molecule of glucose?

2

Name the stages of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron transport chain

Combining the intermediate step and the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of NADH are produced for each glucose molecule?

8

How many molecules of FADH2 are produced at the end of the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule?

2

How many molecules of ATP are produced at the end of the Krebs cycle for each glucose molecule?

2

What happens to each of the 6 carbons of the original glucose molecule at the end of the Krebs cycle?

They are released as Carbon Dioxide

What happens to all of the energy from the glucose molecule at the end of the Krebs cycle?

It is held as coenzymes

Define the electron transport chain.

Proteins found in the membrane that accept and donate electrons. Carrier capable of oxidation and reduction

By which mechanism of phosphorylation is ATP produced at the electron transport chain?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Where do the electrons that fuel the electron transport chain come from?

Reduced coenzymes

What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic cellular respiration?

Aerobic uses oxygen, anaerobic does not require oxygen

What is pumped across the membrane as electrons pass down the ETC?

Protons

What is chemiosmosis?

Passive movement of ions back into the cell.

How does the passive movement of protons (via facilitated diffusion) result in the production of ATP?

Flowing back into channel, spinning, ATP synthase.

Where is the ETC located in prokaryotes?

Plasma membrane

After 1 glucose molecule is entirely catabolized through cellular respiration, how many ATP have been produced?

What is the fate of pyruvic acid in cellular respiration versus fermentation?

What do fermentation and cellular respiration have in common?

Glycolysis is involved in ATP production.

In what ways are fermentation and cellular respiration different?

The amount of ATP produced. ETC is only in cellular respiration.

Is the product of fermentation the same for all microorganisms?

No.

How do bacteria divide?

Binary Fission

What is "generation time"?

time it takes for one cell to become two

Do all bacterial species have the same generation time?

No.

Be able to determine how many cells would be present after a given number of generations.

Go=1, G1=2, G2=4,G3=8, G4=16, G5=32

How is bacterial growth graphed? Which phases of growth are exponential/logarithmic?

Log /