Reading in Philippine History Lecture Notes

Sixty vocabulary flashcards generated from lecture notes on Reading in Philippine History, covering concepts from historical interpretation, methods, historiography, and pre-colonial periods.

History

A narrative that can be written, visual, or oral, or a combination of the three about past events that have meaning to a certain group of people in a given time and place (Ocampo, A., 2011).

Kasaysayan

The Filipino term for history, rooted in 'salaysay' (narrative) and 'saysay' (meaning).

Hindsight

Pertaining to the past, understanding something after it has happened.

Foresight

Pertaining to the future, the ability to predict what will happen or be needed in the future.

Interdisciplinary

The interdependence of sciences where they are seen to be interconnected and not isolated from each other, often with a focal science serving as a lead.

Multi-disciplinary

Multiple interconnected sciences examining in equal terms certain issues or objects of analysis.

Semiotics

The science of signs and symbols, be it verbal, non-verbal, or sexual.

Hermeneutics

The art and science of interpretation, dealing with text interpretation based on changes in the world and understanding an author's original intent through cultural/historical context.

Interpretare (Lt.)

The Latin word meaning 'to interpret,' from which 'interpretation' is derived.

Hermeneutics (Activity)

The effort to understand written or verbal communications and establish proper rules for their interpretation.

Hermeneutics (Philosophy)

A deeper study into the very nature of understanding, examining how language or native traditions condition understanding of life as a whole.

Nature of Perception

The concept that every act of seeing is putting the world together in a certain way based on one's personal history and cultural tradition.

Critical Realism

Described as an antidote to relativism, suggesting that there is an objective reality that can be understood despite subjective interpretations.

Fundamentalism

A rigid adherence to a set of beliefs, which hermeneutics seeks to counter by promoting critical interpretation.

World of the Text

A basic hermeneutical process focusing on synchronic analysis of the content as it is, including its subject, theme, form, elements, and style.

Synchronic Analysis

An approach to studying the 'world of the text' by presenting its structure and examining it chapter by chapter or section by section.

World Behind the Text

A basic hermeneutical process focusing on diachronic analysis of the historical background, context, people, culture, and time surrounding the text.

Diachronic Analysis

An approach to studying the 'world behind the text' through historical criticism and contextual reading.

Historical Criticism

An analysis method used in diachronic analysis to understand the context of the 'world behind the text'.

Exegesis

The blending process between the 'world of the text' and the 'world behind the text' to draw out the contextual meaning.

Eisegesis

The application of the contextual meaning derived from exegesis to contemporary readers, making it relevant to present personal, social, or global issues.

Paleontology

The scientific study of life forms existing in former geological periods, as represented by fossils.

Archaeology

The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.

Mesozoic Period

A geological era known for the emergence of dinosaurs, during which Alfred Wegener theorized the Philippines was part of Gondwana.

Cenozoic Period

A geological era characterized by the emergence of pine trees and the rise of mountains, such as the Chocolate Hills in Bohol.

Gondwana

A hypothetical supercontinent that Alfred Wegener theorized included Southeast Asia (including the Philippines), Australia, Antarctica, Africa, and South America 300 million years ago.

Continental Drift

The theory explaining the Earth's continents moving gradually over geological time, resulting in the separation of continents during the Mesozoic era.

Homonization

The process, starting about 4 million years ago, where human beings created themselves through knowledge and culture, becoming distinct from animals and progressing towards 'sapiens'.

Sapientization

The process of using the capacity to know, produce, and invent instruments for survival, marking a stage of production rather than mere consumption.

Australopithecus

A genus of extinct hominins, a primate with characteristics closest to human beings, existing about 4 million years ago.

Australopithecus Afarensis ('Lucy')

A specific species of Australopithecus, whose partial skeleton was excavated in 1974 in Ethiopia, estimated to have existed about 3.1 million years ago.

Homo Habilis

Considered the first human being, existing about 1.8-1.6 million years ago, with a brain volume of 500-800 cc, known for using stones in hunting.

Homo Erectus

A species of human that lived from 1.8 million to 800,000 years ago, characterized by the height of pebble culture, a changed diet, and the use of core tools and stone flakes.

Homo Sapiens

A higher form of human species, characterized by employed domestication, a larger brain (1500 cc), and a bigger body build.

Neanderthals

A group of archaic humans, a subtype of Homo Sapiens, estimated to have existed 100,000-30,000 years ago, found in Germany.

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

The human species characterized by a tradition of pottery, burial jars, and advanced domestication.

Austronesians

A group of people who existed from 10,000 BC to 9,000 BC, known for horticulture or farming, and sharing heritage with Southeast Asia.

Hoabinhian

A tradition that spread and was brought by the Austronesians, likely referring to a cultural complex marked by specific stone tools.

External Criticism (Historical Research)

In historical research, the verification of a source's authenticity by examining its physical characteristics, consistency with the historical characteristics of its time, and the materials used.

Anachronism

An error in chronology, specifically a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs in relation to each other, or a person/thing out of its chronological place.

Internal Criticism (Historical Research)

In historical research, the evaluation of the truthfulness and factuality (credibility) of evidence by scrutinizing the author, context, agenda, knowledge, and intended purpose of the source's content.

Historical Inquiry

The process that begins with analytical questions asking 'why?' or 'how?' things happened in the past, or reflective 'So what?' questions seeking meaning.

Historiography

The writing of history, encompassing the critical examination of sources, selection of facts, and synthesis into a narrative; also the theory and history of historical writing, or a meta-level analysis of descriptions of the past.

Herodotus

An ancient Greek historian known as the 'Father of Ancient History'.

Theological Discourse

A type of historical writing or thought, exemplified by St. Augustine's 'City of God' and St. Thomas Aquinas' 'Summa Theologica'.

Natural Law

A concept, originating from Aristotle and adopted by St. Thomas Aquinas, referring to the inherent capacity of every human being to do good and avoid evil.

Eudaimonia

A Greek concept referring to a state of well-being, characterized by good mental health and a balance of life, body, and mind.

Plato

An ancient Greek philosopher who proposed the Theory of Forms and the concept of Dualism, distinguishing between the world of senses and the world of ideas.

Theory of Forms

Plato's philosophical theory positing two worlds: the temporary 'World of Senses' (pleasure/concupiscence) and the eternal 'World of Ideas' (truth, beauty, goodness).

Dualism (Plato)

The philosophical concept, proposed by Plato, representing the battle or separation between the temporary 'world of senses' and the eternal 'world of ideas'.

Aristotle

An ancient Greek philosopher known for his Virtue Theory, which emphasizes finding the middle ground between extremes.

Virtue Theory

Aristotle's ethical framework stating that virtue lies in the middle (mean) between two extremes, or vices (e.g., courage between cowardice and recklessness).

Enlightenment

A historical era characterized by liberation, freedom of thought, and a focus on human reason, influencing movements such as the Propaganda Movement.

Positivist Philosophy

A philosophical approach associated with Leopold von Ranke, advocating for a scientific and methodical study of history based on verifiable facts and primary sources ('no document, no history').

Leopold von Ranke

A German historian considered one of the founders of modern source-based history, famously associated with the phrase 'no document, no history'.

Marxist Historiography

A school of thought influenced by Marxism, characterized by Historical Dialectical Materialism and Conflict Theory, viewing history through class struggles aiming for a classless society.

Historical Dialectical Materialism

A core concept in Marxist historiography, asserting that for every reality there is an opposing reality, aiming for a classless society (utopia).

Annales School of Economics and Society

A French school of historical thought that emphasizes the importance of people's ordinary lives, arguing that everyone is included in history.

Post-Structuralism

A philosophical movement that emphasizes challenging established narratives, exploring power relations, and asserting that everyone is capable of creating a story and contributing to discourse.

Pantayong Pananaw

An indigenous Filipino historiographical approach, pioneered by Zeus Salazar, based on linguistic analysis using the Filipino language, advocating for a history 'for us, not for them'.