Lang W

1. Abstract Language

Language that refers to ideas, concepts, or feelings rather than specific, tangible objects or events.

2. Ad Hominem

A fallacy where an argument is attacked by criticizing the person making the argument, rather than addressing the argument itself.

3. Allegory

A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.

4. Alliteration

The repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in a sequence of words or lines.

5. Allusion

A brief or indirect reference to a person, place, event, or work of literature, often enriching the meaning of the text.

6. Ambiguity

A word, phrase, or statement that has multiple meanings or interpretations.

7. Analogy

A comparison between two things to highlight their similarities in order to explain or clarify a concept.

8. Anaphora

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences for emphasis.

9. Anecdote

A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person, often used to illustrate a point.

10. Annotation

Explanatory notes or comments added to a text to provide further explanation or interpretation.

11. Antecedent

In grammar, a word or phrase to which a pronoun refers.

12. Antithesis

A contrast or opposition between two things, often used to create a balanced or dramatic effect.

13. Aphorism

A concise and memorable statement that expresses a general truth or principle.

14. Apostrophe

A figure of speech in which a speaker addresses an absent or imaginary person or object.

15. Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words.

16. Asyndeton

The omission of conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a quickened or emphatic effect.

17. Balance

A rhetorical device where two or more elements are presented in parallel to create symmetry or harmony.

18. Begging the Question

A fallacy in which an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion, without providing evidence.

19. Cacophony

Harsh and discordant sounds used deliberately for effect.

20. Causal Relationships

The cause-and-effect connection between events or things.

21. Chiasmus

A rhetorical figure in which words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order for artistic effect.

22. Citation / Documentation

The act of acknowledging the sources of information used in a piece of writing, typically following a specific citation style.

23. Clause

A group of words that contains a subject and a verb, forming a complete thought.

24. Colloquialism

Informal words, phrases, or language characteristic of ordinary or familiar conversation.

25. Common Knowledge

Information that is widely known and accepted within a community or field of study.

26. Conceit

An extended metaphor or comparison between two dissimilar things.

27. Concrete Language

Language that refers to tangible, specific objects or experiences.

28. Connotation

The emotional or cultural associations connected to a word beyond its literal definition.

29. Consonance

The repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the end of words, in a sequence of words or lines.

1. Cumulative Sentence

A sentence that begins with an independent clause and is followed by additional details or phrases that add more information.

2. Deduction

A method of reasoning where specific conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.

3. Denotation

The literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotional or cultural associations.

4. Diction

The choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing, which can influence the tone and style of the expression.

5. Didactic

Intended to teach or instruct, often carrying a moral or ethical lesson.

6. Either-Or Reasoning

A fallacy in which only two extreme options are presented, disregarding other possible alternatives.

7. Ellipsis

The omission of one or more words from a sentence or phrase, which are understood from the context.

8. Elliptical Sentence

A sentence with essential words omitted, making it shorter but still understandable.

9. Emotional Appeal/Pathos

A persuasive technique that aims to evoke emotions in the audience to support an argument.

10. Equivocation

The use of ambiguous language to conceal the truth or to avoid committing to a definite statement.

11. Ethical Appeal/Ethos

A persuasive technique that seeks to establish credibility and trustworthiness in the speaker or writer.

12. Euphemism

A mild or indirect word or expression used in place of a harsh, blunt, or offensive one to soften its impact.

13. Euphony

Pleasing and harmonious sounds in language, often achieved through the arrangement of words and phonetic elements.

14. Exposition

The explanation or presentation of information, usually at the beginning of a story or essay to provide context.

15. False Analogy

A fallacy where an inappropriate comparison is made between two things to argue for or against a point.

16. Figurative Language

Language that uses figures of speech, metaphors, similes, and other literary devices to create vivid imagery and evoke emotions.

17. Generalization

A broad statement or conclusion that applies to a whole group or category based on limited evidence.

18. Homily

A sermon or speech that provides moral or spiritual advice.

19. Hyperbole

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally, used for emphasis or dramatic effect.

20. Imagery

Vivid and descriptive language that appeals to the senses and creates mental images for the reader.

21. Induction

A method of reasoning where general conclusions are drawn from specific observations or evidence.

22. Invective

Abusive language or insults used to criticize or attack someone or something.

23. Inverted Sentence

A sentence in which the typical word order is reversed for stylistic effect or emphasis.

24. Irony

A literary device where there is a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, understood, or expected. It can be of three types:

- Verbal Irony

When a person says one thing but means another.

- Dramatic Irony

When the audience knows something the characters do not.

- Situational Irony

When there is a contrast between what is expected to happen and what actually happens.

25. Litotes

A figure of speech that uses an understatement by negating the opposite idea to emphasize a point.

26. Logic

The science or study of reasoning and valid arguments based on evidence and proper inference.

1. Logical Appeal/Logos

A persuasive technique that relies on logic, reasoning, and evidence to support an argument.

2. Logical Fallacy

An error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid or weak.

3. Metaphor

A figure of speech that directly compares two unrelated things without using "like" or "as," to highlight their similarities.

4. Metonymy

A figure of speech where one term is replaced by another closely related term to which it is associated.

5. Mood

The emotional atmosphere or tone created by a literary work.

6. Narrative

A story or account of events, experiences, or the telling of a sequence of events.

7. Non-Sequitur

A logical fallacy where a conclusion does not logically follow from the premises or evidence presented.

8. Onomatopoeia

A figure of speech where a word imitates the sound it represents.

9. Oversimplification

A logical fallacy where a complex issue is reduced to an overly simple or binary explanation.

10. Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines two contradictory or opposing words to create a new meaning.

11. Parable

A brief story or tale that illustrates a moral or religious lesson.

12. Paradox

A statement or situation that appears self-contradictory but may reveal a deeper truth.

13. Parallelism

The use of similar grammatical structures, phrases, or clauses to create a balanced and rhythmic effect.

14. Parody

A humorous or satirical imitation of a person, literary work, or genre.

15. Pathos

A persuasive technique that aims to evoke emotions in the audience to support an argument.

16. Periodic (Loose) Sentence

A periodic sentence delays the main clause until the end, creating suspense. A loose sentence presents the main clause first, followed by additional details or modifiers.

17. Persona

The personality or character a writer or speaker adopts when addressing the audience.

18. Personification

A figure of speech where human qualities are attributed to non-human entities or objects.

19. Persuasion

The act of convincing or influencing someone to adopt a particular belief or take action.

- First Person

The narrator speaks as "I" and is a character in the story.

- Third Person Limited

The narrator is an outsider who knows the thoughts and feelings of one character.

- Third Person Omniscient

The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters.

21. Polysyndeton

The use of several conjunctions in close succession for artistic effect.

22. Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc

A logical fallacy that assumes a causal relationship between two events merely because one follows the other in time.

23. Red Herring

A logical fallacy that diverts attention from the original issue by introducing irrelevant information or arguments.

24. Refutation

The act of proving an argument, statement, or theory to be wrong or false.

25. Repetition

The intentional use of words, phrases, or ideas more than once for emphasis or effect.

26. Rhetoric

The art of effective communication, especially in persuasion and argumentation.

1. Exposition

A rhetorical mode used to explain or inform by providing facts, details, and background information.

2. Argumentation

A rhetorical mode used to present reasoning and evidence to support a claim or persuade the audience.

3. Description

A rhetorical mode used to provide sensory details to create a vivid image or impression of a person, place, or thing.

4. Narration

A rhetorical mode used to tell a story or recount a sequence of events.

5. Rhetorical Question

A question posed for rhetorical effect, not to elicit a response but to make a point or provoke thought.

6. Satire

A rhetorical mode used to criticize or mock human folly, often using humor, irony, or exaggeration.

7. Sarcasm

A form of verbal irony where someone says the opposite of what they mean, often to mock or convey contempt.

Sentence Structure

1. Simple Sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause, expressing a complete thought.

2. Compound Sentence

A sentence containing two or more independent clauses, usually joined by a coordinating conjunction.

3. Complex Sentence

A sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

4. Compound-Complex Sentence

A sentence containing two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

1. Simile

A figure of speech that compares two different things using "like" or "as" to highlight their similarities.

2. Straw Man

A fallacy that involves misrepresenting or exaggerating an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack.