Lesson 1

cellular microbes/ microorganisms

Living microbes are known as _and_

acellular microbes/ infectious particles

Nonliving microbes are known _and_

Ubiquitous

Microbes are _ (found everywhere)

germs

microbes that cause disease are sometimes referred to as _

pathogens

scientific term for disease-causing microbes

non-pathogens

Microbes that do not cause disease

indigenous microbiota

Microbes that live on and in our bodies

Opportunistic pathogens

Some members of our indigenous microbiota

microbes that are awaiting the opportunity to cause disease

infectious diseases and microbial intoxications

Pathogens cause two categories of diseases namely *_and_*

Saprophytes

organisms that live on dead and/or decaying organic matter

bioremediation.

use of microbes to clean up toxic wastes and other industrial waste products

biotechnology

The use of living organisms or their derivatives to make or modify useful products or processes

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

“Father of Microbiology”

Tradesman, physicist, optometrist

Observed “animalcules” (bacteria and protozoa)

3\.5 billion years

Fossils of primitive microorganisms date back about _

archaea and cyanobacteria

Candidates for the first microorganisms on Earth

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Is a body of thought on the ordinary formation of living organisms without descent from similar organisms. This held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular.

Francisco Redi’s Experiment

dead maggots or flies would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, whereas live maggots or flies would. 

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This disproved both the existence of some essential component in once-living organisms, and the necessity of fresh air to generate life.

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Proved that spontaneous generation is a **faux**

Louis Pasteur

French chemist

Investigated fermentation products

Developed pasteurization process

Discovered life forms that could exist without oxygen (anaerobes)

Developed several vaccines (**rabies** and **anthrax**)

Louis Pasteur’s Experiment

boiled broth in flasks with S-shaped necks. The broth was boiled after being poured into the flasks to destroy any living microorganisms that may have been present in the broth. The S-shaped necks prevented microorganisms from entering and contaminating the broth after boiling.

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Proved that microorganisms can be killed through **boiling**

Robert Koch

German physician

significant contribution to the __**germ theory of disease**__

Discovered **Bacillus anthracis** produced **spores**

Developed methods of **fixing** and **staining bacteria**

Developed methods to **cultivate bacteria**

Medical microbiology

Involves the study of pathogens, the disease they cause, and the body’s defenses against disease

Koch’s Postulates

1. microorganism must be found in similarly diseased animals but not in healthy ones
2. microorganism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture
3. isolated microorganism must cause original disease
4. microorganism can be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal

helped prove the germ theory of disease

If an organism fulfills _, it has been proven to be the cause of that particular infectious disease