4 - Social Self

Who judges your daily behaviours the most accurately: self, close others, or neutral observers?

Self and close others

Who judges your inner behaviours the most accurately: self, close others, or neutral observers?

Self

Who judges your external states the most accurately: self, close others, or neutral observers?

All

Who judges your intelligence the most accurately: self, close others, or neutral observers?

Close others

What is defined as “beliefs and feelings about ourselves which are later organized?”

Self-schemas

What is defined as "part of self-schemas that are the most accessible aspect?”

Working self-concept

What can affect what aspect of our self-concepts are active?

Situational distinctiveness

What effect happens when we are convinced that others are attending to our appearance and behaviour?

Spotlight effect

True or false: People understand their own self-esteem

True

True or false: Rejection cannot lower your self-esteem

False

True or false: If you have low self-esteem, you prefer to feel that way

True

What theory proposes that people sometimes prefer feedback that confirms their view of themselves, even if it’s negatively?

Self-verification theory

What is a monitor, check, or gauge of how well we are fitting into our groups?

Self-esteem

What theory proposed that in the past, we needed to know where we stood in the group to survive and reproduce?

Sociometer model of self-esteem

True or false: Self-esteem is a social indicator

True

What effect happens when people see themselves as better than average on many positive dimensions?

Better-than-average effect

What (3) effects affect the better-than-average effect?

Cognitive capacity, cultural construal, and task control

What system thrives under the better-than-average effect?

System 1

What culture does the better-than-average effect occur more often in?

Independent

What is referred to as the “subjective framing of a task; how it’s mentally constructed by the individual”?

Task construal

True or false: Ambiguously construed tasks are sometimes interpreted in ways that highlight their own strengths?

True

True or false: Unambiguous traits (e.g., height) can lead to a better-than-average effect

False

What is defined as “what we know about ourselves from social relationships?”

Social me

True or false: We usually make accurate conclusions about ourselves

False

What traits are we better at judging ourselves on?

Internal

What helps us shape how we view the social world?

Self-schemas

What is defined as “other’s people reactions to use serve as a mirror of sorts”?

Looking-glass self

What is defined as “a belief about what others think of one’s self”?

Reflected self-appraisals

Being told to say thank you as a child when receiving a gift is an example of what type of socialization?

Direct

Teachers modelling appropriate behaviours to show good examples to their young students is an example of what type of socialization?

Indirect

What is the idea that only a subset of a person’s vast pool of self-knowledge is brought to mind in any given context?

Working self-concept

True or false: Our overall pool of self-knowledge is dynamic and changes all the time

False

The sense of self is:

Malleable and stable

True or false: While our sense of self shifts depending on the context, our core beliefs about the self stay the same

True

Western societies promote what type of self-construal?

Independent

What type of self-construal promotes the idea that the self is connected to others?

Interdependent

What type of self-construal promotes an inward focus on self?

Independent

What part of the brain activates when we judge ourselves?

Medial prefrontal cortex

True or false: Women construe themselves in more interdependent terms than men

True

What (2) forms exist of interdependent self-construal?

Relational and collective

What form of interdependent self-construal is focuses on viewing the self as connected to others?

Relational

What form of interdependent self-construal is focuses on viewing the self in relation to social groups?

Collective

What form of interdependent self-construal is practiced more by girls?

Relational

True or false: Boys focus on viewing the self in relation to social groups or collectives

True

What theory promotes the idea that people compare themselves to others to obtain an accurate assessment of their own opinions, abilities, and internal states?

Social comparison theory

True or false: To be accurate in assessing your self, you need to compare yourself to someone with a different skill level in the trait you’re assessing

False

What is defined as “the parts of a person’s sense of self that are derived from group memberships?”

Social identity

“I am gay” is an example of…?

Social identity

What does “characterizing the self in terms of the traits, norms, and values associated with a meaningful social group” define?

Self-stereotyping

What is defined as an overall positive or negative evaluation people have of themselves?

Self-esteem

When aging from a teen to an adult, the self-esteem of males tends to ____?

Rise

True or false: When aging from adolescence into adulthood, the self-esteem of females tends to rise

False

What is defined as “a person’s enduring level of self-regard over time”?

Trait self-esteem

True or false: Trait self-esteem remains stable across time

True

What is defined as a “changeable self-evaluation that a person experiences as momentary feelings about the self”?

State self-esteem

What theory argues that people’s self-esteem is contingent on their successes and failures in domains deemed important to their self-worth?

Contingencies of self-worth model

What theory is defined as the “idea that self-esteem is an internal, subjective index/marker of the extent to which a person is included or looked on favorably by others”?

Sociometer hypothesis

True or false: High self-esteem shows that we are showing interpersonal difficulties

False

What culture has a higher self-esteem?

Independent

True or false: Self-esteem is high in East Asian cultures

False

What is defined as “the desire to maintain, increase, or protect positive views of the self”?

Self-enhancement

What theory focuses on people’s efforts to maintain an overall sense of self-worth when confronted with feedback that threatens a valued-self image

Self-affirmation theory

True or false: Self-affirmation theory has no empirical evidence to support it

False

True or false: People with high self-enhancement are better at coping with stress

True

What is the process by which people initiate, alter, and control their behaviour in pursuit of a goal?

Self-regulation

What theory is defined as “processes by which people initiate and control their behaviour in the pursuit of goals, including the ability to resist short-term rewards that thwart the attainment of long-term goals”?

Self-discrepancy

What self represents your hopes and wishes?

Ideal self

What self represents your duties and obligations?

Ought self

What self represents the self you believe you are?

Actual self

Discrepancies between what selves produce dejection-related emotions?

Actual and ideal

Discrepancies between what selves may produce agitation-related emotions?

Actual and ought

Ideal and Ought selves are associated with what (2) focus approaches?

Promotion and prevention

What approach to goal pursuit focuses on attaining positive outcomes?

Promotion focus

What focus approach is associated with independent cultures?

Promotion focus

What focus approach is associated with interdependent cultures?

Prevention focus

Being concerned about the possible negative consequences of their actions and how they affect relations with others is an example of what focus approach?

Prevention focus

What level of construal focuses on abstract, global, and core features?

High

True or false: Low-level construals facilitates self-control

False

True or false: High-level construals increases appreciation of consequences their choices have for long-term goals

True

What is an “if-then” plan to engage in a goal-directed behaviour (“then”) whenever a particular cue (“if”) happens?

Implementation intentions

The public self is concerned with _____?

Self-presentation

What is defined as presenting a person we would like others to believe we are

Self-presentation

What is defined as “how we attempt to control the particular impressions other people form about us”?

Impression management

What is the public image of ourselves that we want others to have?

Face

What is the tendency to monitor one’s behaviour to fit the demands of the current situation

Self-monitoring

What level self-monitors behave according to their own traits and preferences, regardless of social context?

Low

What level self-monitors shifts their self-presentation and behave according to the people and situation present?

High

What is the tendency to engage in self-defeating behaviour to protect the self in public and to prevent others from making unwanted inferences based on poor performance?

Self-handicapping

True or false: People present themselves differently online than in-person

False