APUSH Chapter 28

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Demobilization post-WWII

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52 Terms

1

Demobilization post-WWII

Reduction of US military troop strength from 12 million to 1.5 million by 1947, accompanied by a significant drop in defense spending.

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2

GI Bill of Rights

The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 providing financial aid for college education and home loans to veterans, aiming to prevent postwar recession.

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3

Employment Act of 1946

Legislation committing the US government to ensure economic growth, establishing the Council of Economic Advisors.

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4

Postwar Economic Boom

Period from 1945 to 1970 marked by a doubling of national income, increased homeownership, and various factors contributing to economic growth.

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5

Truman’s Point Four Program

Truman's initiative to provide economic aid to underdeveloped countries to resist communism.

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6

Fair Deal

Truman's continuation and expansion of FDR's New Deal, achieving minimum wage increase, public housing, and Social Security extension.

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7

Taft-Hartley Act

Legislation passed in 1947 restricting union activities, including banning closed shops and allowing states to pass right-to-work laws.

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8

Landrum-Griffin Act

1959 legislation regulating labor unions, requiring regular elections, financial reporting, and prohibiting ex-convicts and communists from holding office.

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9

Cold War

Period of geopolitical tension between the US and the Soviet Union, characterized by ideological conflict and competition.

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10

Policy of Containment

Strategy proposed by George F. Kennan to prevent Soviet expansion through economic, diplomatic, and military means.

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11

Domino Theory

Belief that the spread of communism in one country would lead to neighboring countries falling under communist influence.

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12

Iron Curtain

Term describing the division between Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe and the West, coined by Winston Churchill.

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13

National Security Act

Legislation passed in 1947 unifying the armed forces under the Department of Defense and creating the CIA and National Security Council.

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14

Truman Doctrine

Truman's policy of providing aid to nations threatened by communism, exemplified by support to Greece and Turkey.

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15

Marshall Plan

US initiative to provide economic aid to Western Europe to prevent communist influence and aid in post-WWII recovery.

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16

Cold War Germany

Division of Germany and Berlin into zones controlled by Allied powers after WWII, leading to the Berlin Airlift.

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17

Berlin Airlift

US and British operation to supply West Berlin by air after Stalin's blockade, showcasing US determination during the Cold War.

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18

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Formed in 1949 for collective security against Soviet expansion, with member states pledging mutual defense.

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19

Soviet Atomic and Nuclear Arms

Soviet development of atomic and hydrogen bombs challenging US nuclear superiority, leading to arms race.

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20

China Falls to Communism

Victory of Mao Zedong's communists in China in 1949, sparking debates in the US over the loss of China.

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21

America in Japan

US-led democratization efforts in Japan post-WWII under General MacArthur's guidance.

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22

Senator Joseph R McCarthy

US senator known for anti-communist crusade, McCarthyism, and controversial tactics during the Red Scare.

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23

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Couple executed in 1953 for espionage, accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets during the Red Scare.

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24

Truman’s Loyalty Review Board

Established in 1947 to screen government employees for communist ties, resulting in dismissals and resignations.

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25

House Un-American Activities Committee

Congressional committee investigating alleged communist influence in American society, notably in the entertainment industry.

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26

United Nations

International organization established in 1945 with a General Assembly and a Security Council, including five permanent members with veto power.

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27

Korean War

Conflict between North and South Korea from 1950-1953, involving UN intervention and a stalemate at the 38th parallel.

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28

22nd Amendment

Ratified in 1951, setting term limits for the President of the United States to two terms.

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29

Military-Industrial Complex

Eisenhower's warning about the influence of the military and defense contractors on public policy.

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30

Massive Retaliation

US doctrine during the Cold War to respond to Soviet aggression with full nuclear force.

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31

Sputnik

Soviet satellite launch in 1957 leading to fears of technological superiority, prompting increased US spending on science education and the creation of NASA.

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32

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese leader advocating for independence, influenced by communism and nationalism, leading to conflict with the US.

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33

Hungarian Revolt

1956 uprising in Hungary crushed by Soviet forces, with no US intervention.

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34

Suez Crisis

Conflict over the nationalization of the Suez Canal, leading to US intervention and demands for Israeli withdrawal.

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35

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy offering aid and support to Middle Eastern nations against communist influence.

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36

Suburbs

Post-WWII trend of moving to suburban areas, leading to urban concentration of minorities and the poor.

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37

Levittown

Planned suburb built by William Levitt, symbolizing post-war housing developments and social conformity.

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38

American Mobility

Post-WWII increase in Americans' mobility, shifting political influence to the Sunbelt states.

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39

Federal Aid Highway Act

1956 legislation allocating funds for the construction of interstate highways, influenced by Eisenhower's experiences.

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40

Social Conformity and Rebellion

Post-WWII trend towards conformity in the suburbs, critiqued for stereotyped gender roles and consumerism.

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41

Beat Movement

A literary movement in response to societal conformity, with writers like Allen Ginsburg and Jack Kerouac promoting alternative visions of spontaneity and freedom.

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42

Rock and Roll

A music genre originating from plantation hollers and blues, crossing over to white teens in the 1950s, facing criticism for its perceived impact on youth behavior.

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43

Baby Boom

A period between 1946 and 1964 marked by a significant increase in births, leading to societal impacts and challenges in funding entitlement programs.

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44

United States v Paramount Pictures

A legal case that dismantled the Hollywood studio system, paving the way for the growth of television in the 1950s.

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45

Desegregation of the Military (1948)

Executive Order 9981 signed by President Truman to end racial discrimination in the military, marking a significant step towards desegregation.

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46

Brown v Board of Education

Landmark Supreme Court case ruling that segregated schools were inherently unequal, leading to the desegregation of public schools.

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47

White Citizens’ Councils

Groups opposing integration, emerging in response to the Brown decision, and advocating for segregation in a more respectable manner than the KKK.

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48

Central High School (Little Rock Nine)

Nine black students who faced resistance during the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, leading to federal intervention by President Eisenhower.

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49

Civil Rights Act of 1957

The first federal civil rights law since Reconstruction, establishing a commission to investigate civil rights violations.

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50

Emmett Till

African American teenager brutally murdered in Mississippi, whose death became a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement after his open-casket funeral.

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51

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist who sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott by refusing to give up her seat, leading to a Supreme Court decision outlawing segregation on buses.

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52

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1957, advocating for nonviolent change in the civil rights movement.

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