AP World Unit 5 (Revolutions)

Empiricism

The idea that knowledge and understanding comes from your senses and experience, through observation and experimentation.

Social Contract

The view that peoples' moral and/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement among them to form the society in which they live.

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that the government gets its power and authority from the will of the people. (the people rule)

Scientific Method

A process for knowledge understanding that involves hypothesis, experimentation, and observation.

Montesquieu (1689-1755)

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)

English philosopher who believed that people are naturally selfish and without the social contract with the government, there would be complete anarchy.

Adam Smith (1723-1790)

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. He spoke of the laissez-faire and the "invisible hand."

Voltaire (1694-1778)

French philosopher who argued for the rights of freedom of speech and religion and criticized intolerance and oppression?

John Locke (1632-1704)

English philosopher who insisted that governments are formed to protect natural rights. He also stated that people are not naturally bad and that they are like a blank slate (tabula rasa) when born.

Abolitionism movement

Movement to end slavery

Women's Suffrage

the right of women to vote

Self-determination

Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Slogan of the French Revolution

"Let them eat cake"

saying attributed to Marie Antoinette that showed insensitivity to the unfortunate

Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness

the 3 Unalienable Rights that were listed in the Declaration that all humans receive from birth

"damn sugar, damn coffee, damn colonies"

attributed to Napoleon Bonaparte after the French lost the Haitian Revolution.

Jamaica Letter

Written by Simone Bolivar, in this letter he argues that liberty should come to Latin America but before true freedom can be experienced, there should be a period of transition in which a dictator should rule.

Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Creoles

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry

Mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

indigenous

native to a certain area

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

American Revolution (1775-1783)

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

French Revolution (1789)

Reacting to the oppressive aristocracy, the French middle and lower classes overthrew the king and asserted power for themselves in a violent and bloody revolution. This uprising was inspired by America's independence from England and the Enlightenment ideas.

Bastille

fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789

Estates General

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France. (nobility, clergy, commoners)

Tennis Court Oath (1789)

Oath taken by representatives of the Third Estate in June 1789, in which they pledged to form a National Assembly and write a constitution limiting the powers of the king.

Haitian Revolution

The only successful slave revolt in history; it was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830)

was a Venezuelan military and political leader who played an instrumental role in the establishment of Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Colombia as sovereign states, independent of Spanish rule.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Manuela Saenz

Mistress of Simon Bolivar. female freedom fighter S. AM

Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

queen and king during the French Revolution, Marie was Austrian (French hate Austrians) lived a spoiled, lavish lifestyle when the rest of France was starving

Creole Revolutions

Wave of political change across Spanish/Portuguese controlled Latin America. Influenced by the Enlightenment, it was caused by class antagonism and frustrations caused by mercantilism

Proclamation of 1763

An order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

No taxation without representation

Colonists did not want to be taxed if they did not have a representative in Britain's Parliament.

Industrial Age

Led to the increased mechanization of production
Not only were ideas reshaping societies during this era, but new technologies were also very influential and led to drastic changes in society and economics.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves)

A machine that could spin several threads at once

Water Frame, 1769

a spinning machine that could be powered by water

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

moving assembly line

method of production in which workers stay in one place as products edge along a moving belt

Britain's Industrial Advantages

1. Improved agricultural production & urbanization, 2. Resources from colonies and capital, 3. Legal protection of private property, 4. Lots of waterways & located on the Atlantic, 5. Strong navy, 6. Geographical distribution of coal, iron, & timber

Sepoy Mutiny

The revolt against the British by many different groups across India 1857 but led particularly by some of the disgruntled Indian soldiers working for the British. It caused the British government to take over more direct control of India from the British East India Company.

Steam Engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

steamship

ship moved by engines that work by the action of steam under pressure. Robert Fulton is credited with inventing the first successful steamship.

Coaling Stations

these were refueling stations used by navies' coal-powered steamships. The need for these was one of the driving forces behind the establishment of European and American bases/colonies around the globe.

coal

a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel.

coke

a refined form of coal that made it possible to use larger iron producing furnaces

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

kerosene

a light fuel oil obtained by distilling petroleum, used especially in jet engines and domestic heaters and lamps and as a cleaning solvent.

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s.

Edison and Tesla

These two men and rival engineers worked on direct and alternating currents for electric power

Samuel Morse and the telegraph

Communication inventor whose early invention greatly aided communication during the Civil War era. "What hath God wrought?"

Alexander Graham Bell (1876)

Invented the telephone. "Come here Watson. I want you."

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian inventor credited with the invention of the radio

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

capital

money for investment

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west

Ottoman Empire

Major Islamic state that dominated the Middle East, the Balkans, and North Africa at its height of power. The empire fell by the end of WWI.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517). They famously held off the Mongols as they tried to advance into Egypt.

Muhammad Ali

Not a modern nationalist, but this leader of Egypt is seen as the father of modern Egypt and made modernizing reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres during the 19th century.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Pressured the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade. Helped institute the Meiji Restoration in Japan.

Charter Oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

automatic loom

allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping.

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

stock holder

person who owns a share or shares of stock in a corporation

stock market

A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

Monopoly/Trust

Complete control of a product or business by one person or group

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur (founder of De Beers Diamonds) and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Transnational Corporation

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.

Unilever Corporation

a British and Dutch company that focused on household products, most notably soap products.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

a prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire.

Consumerism

the buying and selling of various goods and products

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Wrote the Communist Manifesto

Communist Manifesto (1848)

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

Means of Production

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth

John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

1. English Utilitarian and essayist best known for writing "On Liberty" and "The Subjection of Women"
2. Advocated women's rights and endorsed universal suffrage

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

labor union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Bourgeoisie

the upper & middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people, who own/control the means of production

Bushido

the code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai.

Genros

Former samurai who became advisors to the emperor during the Meiji Restoration

Mahmud II

19th Ottoman sultan who built a private, professional army; crushed the Janissaries and initiated reforms on Western precedents.

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Hatt-i Humayun

A far reaching Ottoman reform decree issued by Sultan Abdul-Mejid I in 1856. The decree created a national citizenship by taking away the political authority of the empire's religious leaders. It tried to remove cultural divisions by making people from all cultures and religions eligible to serve in the government.

Millet

separate legal courts within the Ottoman Empire set up by various religious groups throughout the empire.

Self-Strengthening Movement

A late nineteenth century movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

Emperor Guangxu

in 1898, he implemented a series of reforms such as: westernized government, schools & military (Hundred Days of Reforms)

Hundred Days of Reform

Launched by young Chinese emperor. New laws were created that modernized civil service exams, streamline government, and encouraged new industry. Reforms also affected schools, the military and the bureaucracy. Conservatives rallied against these reforms and imprisoned the emperor.

Empress Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.

Tenements

Poorly built, overcrowded housing where many immigrants lived