Test 2 - PSYCH

transduction

transforming sensations into something meaningful

reception

stimulation of sensory rector cells by energy

transmission

delivering neural information to the brain for processing

bottom up processing

environment to brain

top down processing

brain to environment

parallel processing

brain processing all at once

Gestalt Principles of Organization

how we see the world

figure ground

certain info given priority over background info

proximity

close objects grouped together

similarity

physically similar objects grouped together

closure

brain closes off openings when something missing

good continuation

see flowing lines even though lines cross or are interrupted

common fate

objects that move together will be grouped together

sensory adaptation

“nose blind”

absolute threshold

minimal intensity needed to detect stimulus

just noticeable difference

minimal change in stimulus that can just barely be detected

signal detection theory

technique that measures a person’s perceptual sensitivity

retina

tissue containing photoreceptors

cornea

outermost layer of eye

pupil

part of eye that reacts to light

lens

behind the pupil which refracts light onto retina

accommodation

process by which eye makes clear image on retina

photoreceptors

rods for shapes cones for colors

fovea

area of retina where vision is clearest

gate control theory of pain

impulses indicating painful stimuli

kinesthetic sense

provides understanding of orientation and location of body in space

vestibular sense

sense of balance

optic nerve

bundled axons that exit eye and enter brain

blind spot

no photoreceptors = no vision

color

transducer info from eyes that allow perception of color from wavelengths in air

trichromatic theory

states that color info if identified by red, green, blue

opponent process theory

trichromatic theory doesn’t account for full color spectrum

monocular cues

only requires 1 eye to understand depth

binocular cues

requires both eyes to understand depth

retinal disparity

change you sight from 1 eye to 2

change blindness

when people fail to detect changes to the visual details

inattention blindness

failure to perceive objects that you are not paying attention to

sound

comes through waves

amplitude

loudness

frequency

pitch

complex

combines loudness and pitch

pinna (e)

funnels sound waves in canal (outer ears)

ear canal

moves sound toward eardrum

tympanic membrane

eardrum (transfers energy to ossicles)

ossicles

bones that amplify sound

cochlea

snail translates neural language

auditory nerve

attached to cochlea

semicircular canals

balance and orientation

conductive hearing loss

damage to eardrum or ossicles

sensorineural hearing loss

damage to cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerves

chemoreceptors

respond to taste and smell and connect memories

officiation

sense of smell

gustation

sense of taste

papillae

taste buds

somatosensory cortex

touch and senses are processed

thermoreceptors

skin receptors that sense change in temperature

consciousness

person’s experience of the world and the mind

problem of other minds

difficulty perceiving consciousness of others

mind body problem

includes how the mind is related to the brain and body

Descartes

believed body made of physical matter and mind is separate

Libet Experiment

brain’s activities come before activities of the conscious minds

intentionality

being directed toward an object

unity

integrating info from all senses to form a coherent whole

selectivity

capacity

minimal consciousness

low level sensory awareness

full consciousness

able to report mental state you’re in

self consciousness

attention towards self

experience-sampling method

people report conscious experiences

mental control

attempt to control conscious

thought suppression

conscious avoidance of a thought

rebound effect of thought suppression

thought returns to consciousness more regularly after suppression

dynamic unconscious

active system containing lifetime of hidden memories and deep feelings

repression

mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and keeps them in unconscious

cognitive unconscious

mental processes that give rise to person’s thoughts and behavior

dual process theories

2 difference systems in brain for processing info

system 1

fast unconscious processing

system 2

slow conscious processing

altered state of consciousness

form of experience that departs from normal consciousness

hypnogogic state

pre sleep conscious

hypnopompic state

post sleep consciousness

circadian rhythm

24 hour wake sleep cycle; involving behavior or physiological processes

stage 1

brain wave activity slowing down

stage 2

EEG patterns interrupted by short bursts of activity

stage ¾

deep sleep

REM sleep

rapid eye movement & high level of brain activity

somnambulism

sleepwalking

manifest content

dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

latent content

dream’s true underlying meaning

activation synthesis model

dream’s produced when brain attempts to make sense of activations (all dreams are random)

physical dependence

physiological symptoms after withdrawal

psychological dependence

desire to return to drugs even after physical symptoms are gone

psychoactive drugs

chemicals that influence consciousness or behavior by altering neurotransmitters

depressants

reduces CNS activity “sedative”

stimulants

increases CNS activity

narcotics

pain relievers

germinal stage

2 week period that begins at conception

embryonic stage

week 2-8 (embryo has arms, legs, heart)

fetal stage

week 9 until birth (skeleton, muscles)

zygote

fertilized egg

myelination

formation of fatty sheath around neuron’s axons