APUSH Unit 8

Margaret Sanger

Primary advocate for birth control

Flappers

Carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts.

Equal Rights Amendment

Three years after the ratification of the 19th amendment, this action was initially proposed in Congress in 1923 in an effort to secure full equality for women. It seeks to end the legal distinctions between men and women in terms of divorce, property, employment, and other matters.

"The Lost Generation"

A term popularized by Ernest Hemingway, describing a group of US writers that criticized the hard-drinking and fast- living group of youths in the post-WWI era

Harlem Renaissance

a flowering of African American culture in the 1920s when New York City's Harlem became an intellectual and cultural capital for African Americans.

WEB Dubois

an American sociologist, historian, author, editor, and activist who was the most important black protest leader in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. He shared in the creation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Zora Neale Hurston

Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners.

Langston Hughes

An American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist from Joplin, Missouri. One of the earliest innovators of the literary art form called jazz poetry, he is best known as a leader of the Harlem Renaissance.

Prohibition

A nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933. Protestants, Progressives, and women all spearheaded the drive to institute Prohibition. Prohibition led directly to the rise of organized crime.

18th Amendment

Ratified in January 1919 and enacted in January 1920, outlawed the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors."

Volstead Act

Formally called the National Prohibition Act, this U.S. law enacted in 1919 (and taking effect in 1920) was to provide enforcement for the Eighteenth Amendment, prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Ku Klux Klan

a secret hate group in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired rights of Black people and to oppose carpetbaggers from the North, and which was responsible for many lawless and violent proceedings.

Nativism

The belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners. Movement was based on hostility to immigrants.

Emergency Immigration Act of 1921

Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921, in which newcomers from Europe were restricted at any year to a quota, which was set at 3% of the people of their nationality who lived in the U.S. in 1910.

National Origins Quota Act (1924)

Also known as the Immigration Act of 1924, it limited the number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States through a national origins quota. The quota provided immigration visas to two percent of the total number of people of each nationality in the United States as of the 1890 national census.

Scopes Trial (Fundamentalist Controversy)

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

William Jennings Bryan

an American lawyer, orator, and politician. Beginning in 1896, he emerged as a dominant force in the Democratic Party, running three times as the party's nominee for President of the United States in the 1896, 1900, and 1908 elections.

John Scopes

a teacher in Dayton, Tennessee, who was charged on May 5, 1925, with violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which prohibited the teaching of human evolution in Tennessee schools.

Clarence Darrow

A famed criminal defense lawyer for Scopes, who supported evolution. He caused William Jennings Bryan to appear foolish when Darrow questioned Bryan about the Bible.

Al Smith

First elected governor of New York in 1918, lost his 1920 bid for re-election, and was elected governor again in 1922, 1924, and 1926. Smith was the foremost urban leader of the Efficiency Movement in the United States and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as the New York governor in the 1920s.

WARREN G. HARDING 1920-1923

This man was elected in 1920 and argued for a "return to normalcy"

"Return to Normalcy"

Campaign slogan by Harding This meant stepping back from so much engagement with Europe.

Teapot Dome Scandal

During the Harding Administration, government oil reserves were secretly leased to oil companies in exchange for financial compensation of the Secretary of the Interior.

CALVIN COOLIDGE 1923-1928

Harding's V-P who took over after Harding's death and adeptly handled the aftermath of several Harding administration scandals, and by the end of 1924 he had dismissed most officials implicated in the scandals. He presided over a strong economy and sought to shrink the regulatory role of the federal government.

Andrew Mellon

An American financier, he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury by President Harding in 1921 and served under Coolidge and Hoover. While he was in office, the government reduced the WW I debt by $9 billion and Congress cut income tax rates substantially.

HERBERT HOOVER 1928-1932

This man believed families should aid each other in addition to private charity organizations and local government. He also believed in rugged individualism and voluntarism to help the nation out of the Great Depression. However the federal government should not intervene

"The Great Crash"

The stock market crash of 1929 shattered confidence in the American economy, resulting in sharp reductions in spending and investment. Banking panics in the early 1930s caused many banks to fail, decreasing the pool of money available for loans.

"Speculation"

the practice of making high-risk investments in hopes of getting a huge return. Buying on margin, the practice of allowing investors to purchase a stock for only a fraction of its price (CREDIT) and borrow the rest at high interest rates.

Herbert Hoover's plan: Voluntarism

Hoover proposed that volunteerism within the community was the best antidote for poverty as well as for a myriad of other social problems. He called on individuals, local charity organizations, churches, and local governments to work cooperatively to alleviate suffering and distribute relief.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Was one of the few programs created by Herbert Hoover to combat the Depression

Bonus Army

A group of almost 20,000 World War I veterans who were hard-hit victims of the depression, who wanted what the government owed them for their services and "saving" democracy. They marched to Washington and set up public camps and erected shacks on vacant lots.

Election of 1932

This election took place against the backdrop of the Great Depression. Incumbent Republican President Herbert Hoover was defeated in a landslide by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Governor of New York.

FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT 1932-1945

The 32nd president of the United States. He was president from 1933 until his death in 1945 during both the Great Depression and World War II.

First 100 Days

A period of time, of FDR's presidency, of March-June 1933, where unprecedented legislation would be passed. Emphasized short term relief that would lead to immediate recovery in 2 years and long range recovery and reform.

Bank Holiday

Following his inauguration on March 4, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt set out to rebuild confidence in the nation's banking system and to stabilize America's banking system. On March 6 he declared a four-day national bank holiday that kept all banks shut until Congress could act.

Emergency Banking Relief Act

FDR's first priority was supporting the failing bank systems. He quickly declared a Banking Holiday backed by this act, where the banks would close and then the federal government would allow those it had inspected and found to be safe to reopen.

Recovery

One of the 3 R's, idea of these programs was to "lay a foundation and restore the economy to health."

Relief

One of the 3 R's, meant to give a quick fix to what was wrong with the economy, and help people get back on their feet.

Reform

One of the 3 R's, the idea of these programs was to "correct the ills and injustices of society to prevent future problems."

1st Agricultural Adjustment Act

This early New Deal program was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1936.

National Recovery Administration

Empowered to make voluntary agreements dealing with hours of work, rates of pay, and the fixing of prices. It provided jobs for workers and established a national pattern of maximum hours and minimum wages, it outlawed child labor and all but wiped out the sweatshops.

American Liberty League

Founded by Al Smith, it was an American political organization formed in 1934. Its membership consisted primarily of wealthy business elites and prominent political figures, who were for the most part conservatives opposed to the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Townsend Plan

Proposal that the federal government pay citizens over age 60 a pension of $200 dollars a month, he believed this plan would increase spending and remove people form the labor force, freeing up jobs for the unemployed.

Huey Long

A senator from Louisiana, He was a populist member of the Democratic Party and rose to national prominence during the Great Depression for his vocal criticism of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal, which Long deemed to not go far enough in redistributing wealth in this country. Established the "Share the Wealth" program, was assassinated before he could challenge FDR in 1936.

Share Our Wealth

Program of Huey Long that proposed the redistribution of income of the rich to give every American a guaranteed annual income of $2,000 to $3,000, old-age pensions, money for a college education, and veterans benefits.

Wagner Act

Created in 1935; this act established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

National Labor Relations Board

An independent agency of the fed. gov't with responsibilities for enforcing U.S. labor law in relation to collective bargaining and unfair labor practices.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Regulated minimum wages and maximum work hours for workers in interstate commerce. Outlawed labor by people under 16; important New Deal labor legislation.

Social Security Act 1935

Establishment of a pension system for older Americans, disabled people, survivor insurance.

"Court-Packing" controversy

Attempt by Roosevelt to appoint one new Supreme Court justice for every sitting justice over the age of 70 who had been there for at least 10 years. Wanted to prevent justices from dismantling the new deal.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

This legislation guaranteed individual bank deposits up to $2,500 at time.

Public Works Administration

Reduced unemployment by hiring the unemployed to build new public buildings, roads, bridges, and subways

Civilian Conservation Corps

one of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt's earliest New Deal programs, established to relieve unemployment during the Great Depression by providing national conservation work primarily for young unmarried men.

Securities and Exchange Commission

It regulates the stock market, setting limits on speculative practices that led to the crash.

Federal Housing Authority

With the establishment of this program, from 1934 to 1972, families living in owner-occupied homes rose from 44% to 63%.

National Youth Administration

Provided part-time employment to more than two million college and high school students.

Federal Communications Commission

Program centralizes regulatory authority, and creates an efficient, nation-wide, and world-wide wire and radio communication service with adequate facilities.

Tennessee Valley Authority

This program created a Dam and Electrical power projects to improve poverty stricken seven state region.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Providing direct relief to towns, cities, and states. In its 2 years, it provided states & localities $3.1 billion.

Washington Naval Conference (1921)

In 1921 this conference led to the formation of the four-power treaty, the five power treaty, and the nine power treaty. Representatives from the US, Japan and other nations attended to focus on Pacific security

5 Power Treaty

the five naval powers of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy agreed to freeze their navies at 1921 levels and thus avoid the financial strain of further naval buildups.

9 Power Treaty

signed by the five naval powers of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, and Italy plus the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China affirmed China's sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity and gave all nations the right to do business with it on equal terms.

4 Power Treaty

the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan agreed to consult with each other in the event of a future crisis in East Asia before taking action.

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

A pledge by 15 nations to never threaten war in international relations, effectively outlawing war in general. This pact was enacted to keep Europe and the U.S. safe by announcing to never declare war on each other, which was effective in theory, but never had provisions in case of a violation, and by 1941, many of these countries had violated it.

Stimson Doctrine

In 1932, President Hoover's Secretary of State said the U.S. would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Neutrality Acts

Laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the U.S. out of international incidents.

Quarantine Speech

given by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on October 5, 1937 in Chicago, calling for an international "quarantine of the aggressor nations" as an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time.

Munich Conference/Agreement (1938)

British and French prime ministers Neville Chamberlain and Edouard Daladier sign the Munich Pact with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. The agreement averted the outbreak of war but gave Czechoslovakia away to German conquest.

Appeasement

giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace. The Western policy developed for a number of reasons. France was demoralized, suffering from political divisions at home. It could not take on Hitler without British support.

Cash and Carry program

The US said it would only trade with nations who had money to buy goods (no credit/loans) and transported the goods themselves. What is the specific name of this neutrality policy

Destroyers for Bases deal

In 1940, the U.S. agreed to "lend" its older destroyers to Great Britain. In return the U.S. received access to British bases in the Caribbean for 99 years. This action signaled the end of U.S. neutrality in the war.

America First Committee

Anti-interventionist group opposed to American entry in WWII.

Lend-Lease Act

This policy was enacted in 1941 that supplied allied nations with materials; it was a move away from the non-interventionist policy that dominated America prior to this point

Pearl Harbor

A surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the American naval base in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, on Sunday, December 7, 1941. It would be the impetus for the United States entering World War II.

Zoot-suit riots

In the 1940's, riots that occurred mostly in Los Angeles, California between white marines and young Mexican Americans. Some Mexicans thought that they would be the next "Japanese" and be taken to camps.

Rosie the Riveter

An allegorical cultural icon of World War II, representing the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new jobs replacing the male workers who joined the military.

Baby Boom

The population expansion that took place between the years 1946 and 1964, with the peak occurring in 1957. The elevated birthrate, unparalleled in American history, added more than 50 million babies by the end of the 1950's.

Japanese internment

Following the Pearl Harbor attack, a wave of anti-Japanese suspicion and fear led the Roosevelt administration to adopt a drastic policy toward these residents, alien and citizen alike. Virtually all Japanese Americans were forced to leave their homes and property and live in camps for most of the war.

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans.

D-Day

the day (June 6, 1944) in World War II on which Allied forces invaded northern France by means of beach landings in Normandy.

Manhattan Project

Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States.

Atomic bomb

The advent of nuclear weapons not only helped bring an end to the Second World War but ushered in the atomic age and determined how the next war, the Cold War, would be fought.

Tehran Conference (1943)

December 1943 meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany.

Yalta Conference (1945)

a meeting of the Big Three in February 1945, to decide what would happen to Europe and Germany after WWII (Germany wasn't defeated yet).

Potsdam Conference (1945)

This conference was held in the last days of Nazi Germany. Stalin, Atlee, and Truman finalized their post war plans for the division and democratization of Germany. The Soviet invasion of Japan was discussed; meanwhile the US was preparing to drop atomic bombs on Japan