Studied by 5 people
split-brain patients
people who have had their corpus callosum severed to prevent epileptic seizures. if an item is presented to the left-side visual field, it is only processed in the right hemisphere and image of the object stays in right hemisphere, cannot say with words what they have seen, but can point to the object
agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC)
congenital absence of the corpus callosum, do nor have significantly lower IQ, but have impairments in abstract reasoning, problem solving, and category reasoning
frontal lobe
area of brain responsible for motor control
parietal lobe
area of brain responsible for touch/other somatosensory information
occipital lobe
area of brain responsible for visual perception
temporal lobe
area of the brain that processes auditory information, includes hippocampus and amygdala
midbrain
area of the brain responsible for hearing, vision, smell, has 12 cranial nerves that are responsible for sensory and motor funtions
cerebellum
area of the brain that coordinates muscle tone, posture, hand/eye movements, and procedural memory
dysarthria
when muscles become flabby, tire easily (rapid tapping of index finger may be very difficult)
intention tremor
tremor during voluntary, intentional movements
basal ganglia
area of the brain, part of the motor system, controls movement and certain cognitive skills (planning), damage to this area can lead to PD
motor cortex
area of the brain that controls voluntary movement, mostly contralateral (opposite sided)
patient H.M.
patient who lacked one portion of their temporal love, incapable of forming new memories, procedural memory, long-term and short-term memory remained intact, their case is evidence that memory is controlled by cerebellum
hypothalamus
area of the brain involved in blood pressure, feeding, sexual behavior, sleep/wake cycle, temperature regulation, emotional behavior, and movement
four types of attention
orienting, selective, divided, sustained
orienting (four types of attention)
attention type that facilitates direction of attentional resources to a single threatening stimulation (fight/flight response)
selective (four types of attention)
attention type that helps identify a single relevant stimulus within a flow of other information
divided (four types of attention)
attention type that allows you to follow two or more tasks, multi-tasking
sustained (four types of attention)
attention type that allows you to focus over long periods of time while resisting distraction
reticular formation
part of the brain that is involved in attentional processes, generally thought to give rise to consciousness
cingulate gyrus
part of the brain that has been found to play and important role in selective attention
associative memory
memory that is invoked because of an association with a cue, smell that reminds you of home, recalling taste of something when you hear a sound or smell something
verbal memory
memory controlled by left hemisphere of the brain
pictorial memory
memory that is controlled by the right hemisphere of the brain
left hemisphere of the brain
language, when damaged can cause aphasia (Wernicke’s and Broca’s), written words are registered here in the visual cortex
Wernicke’s aphasia
fluent aphasia, comprehension of spoken and written language is impaired, no ability to associate words with their meaning, written/verbal expression is fluent and fast, but lacks meaning
Broca’s aphasia
non-fluent aphasia, expressive language is impaired, adjectives and articles are omitted when they are speaking, writing is difficult, little difficulty understanding language but they speak slowly and have trouble pronouncing/enunciating words
right hemisphere
hemisphere responsible for comprehension/expression of emotion, emotional patterns to speech, processing of sounds, production of nonverbal and spatial memories, and face recognition
constructional dyspraxia
impaired ability to deal with spatial relationships and design simple shapes
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces, can still recognize voices
four components of executive functions
volition, planning, purposive action, effective performance
volition (four components of executive functions)
our capacity for intentional behavior and ability to conceptualize a goal
planning (four components of executive functions)
our ability to take steps to achieve our goals
purposive action (four components of executive functions)
our capacity to take action and sustain that action
effective performance (four components of executive functions)
our ability to shift strategies if needed
consequences of damage in bilateral frontal lobes
motivational problems,
difficulties making mental shifts and persevering at activities,
impulsivity/over-reactivity,
lower self-awareness,
(little effect on old learning and well established skills)
TEA/TEA-ch (Test for Everyday Attention)
test that measures sustained attention, selective attention, divided attention, and attentional switching. scores are highly sensitive to brain injuries
Continuous Performance Test (CPT)
test that measures sustained attention through a continuous presentation of letters, examinee must press a key when a certain letter appears. usually used for people suspected to have attentional problems
Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS-IV)
test scale where low scores are b/c of low intelligence or low eduction, test includes five indices:
immediate memory index
delayed memory index
auditory memory index
visual memory index
visual working memory index
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT)
test where examiner reads list of 15 nouns, examinee mist repeat as many words as possible, five trials. score is number of words remembered throughout the five trials, also score of interference list trial (new list is presented, but examinee must remember old list), and the recognition trial (examinee must underline the words in a written paragraph)
Token Test
test that measures aphasia, must complete oral commands with colored tokens
Bender Gestalt Test (BGT)
copying test that measures visual perception, spatial analysis, executive abilities, and intact motor functions, examinee instructed to accurately copy several drawings
Porteus Maze Test
test that measure for executive functions, sensitive to the effects of brain damage (especially frontal lobes/Alzheimer’s), involves planning and decision making when trying to solve the puzzles presented
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)
test for executive functions (abstract thinking and flexibility), examinee must sort cards based on different and changing rules
Tinkertoy Test
test that examines executive functions, examinee must build something out of blocks. those with head injuries tend to produce poor designs with fewer blocks
Finger-Tapping Test
test that measures for motor output, examinee must use both index fingers to tap a key, deviations from averages may indicate a lesion in the hemisphere opposite that of slower hand
Purdue Pegboard Test
test that measures for motor output, examinee must place pegs into holes with left hand, right hand, and both hands.
one hand slower = lesion on opposite hemisphere
both hands slower = bilateral brain damage
Mini-Mental State Exam
test that measures orientation, immediate memory, attention, calculation, language production, language comprehension, and design copying through a wide variety of tasks (reading, writing, orientation, drawing), often used for the elderly
premorbid level of functioning
level of functioning that precedes the brain trauma, evaluated using hold tests (least sensitive to brain trauma)
brain plasticity
why do children over 7 have a greater change of recovery from brain trauma than younger children
double hazard hypothesis
phenomenon where psychosocial problems of the environment have a negative impact on the recovery
Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals 4 (CELF-4)
test of cause and severity of language disorders in children (5-18), assesses language level, expressive and receptive language functions
Corsi Block Tapping Test
test that measure visual spatial (short-term) memory, asked to tap a specific sequence of blocks following researcher demonstration
15 Words Test
test that measures verbal memory, asked to recall list of words
Tower of London Test
test that measures executive functioning, especially planning
Speech Sounds Perception Test
test where examinee is asked to match a nonsense spoken word with a double “e” (teeg) to a written counterpart, low scores indicate left temporal lobe damage
Beery VMI
test that measures visual perception, motor coordination, and visual-motor integration (hand-eye coordination), asked to copy, identify and trace shape models over three trials
neurological assessments
assessments that measure:
IQ
sensory perception
attention
information processing
verbal memory
visual memory
executive functioning
language
social cognition
psycho-educational assessment
assessment that measures
IQ
educational achievement
socio-emotional disturbances
DSM
disharmonic IQ profile
occurs when a child has significant differences between his/her scores on two or more subscales, usually followed by a great decline in educational performance
developmental coordination disorder
disorder that does not always have a neurological cause, diagnosed later in life. main symptoms include clumsiness and other motor function impairments
Note
Flashcard