APUSH Period 4 ID Terms - Baker

the Grimké Sisters

the first nationally-known white American female advocates of abolition of slavery and women's rights. They were speakers, writers, and educators.

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

Charles Grandison Finney

An evangelist and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

John C. Calhoun

He was a champion of states' rights, especially for the right to slavery, a symbol of the Old South, and strict adherence to the Constitution. In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis.

Henry Clay

a prominent Republican and Whig politician, was a U.S. senator and house speaker who was a strong supporter of the Missouri Compromise and domestic policy, especially when it came to problems with the dissolution of the union of slavery disputes.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.

Oliver Hazard Perry

United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. He is renowned for his quote: "We have met the enemy and they are ours."

William Henry Harrison

a governor, U.S. senator, and U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, and ninth president of the United States, was responsible for very significant Indian campaigns while he was governor of the Indian Territory and served as an officer in the army during the Battle of Fallen Timbers. First Whig Pres who died in office.

Brigham Young

an American politician and religious leader, led an exodus of thousands of Mormons westward to the Utah Territory. He served as the governor and leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

circuit rider

Preachers who traveled by horseback from community to community. They were very prominent during the second great awakening.

Romanticism

a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization; emphasized inspiration, subjectively, and the individual.

linear

progressing from one stage to another in a single series of steps; sequential

William Lloyd Garrison

a 19th-century American journalist and Christian, led a successful abolitionist campaign with his newspaper, The Liberator; one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

A member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. She read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." She was the founding president of the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869.

refute

prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false; disprove.

concession

a thing that is granted, especially in response to demands; a thing conceded.

reform

to bring back to rightness, order, or morality; the improvement or amendment of what is wrong, corrupt, unsatisfactory

Asher Durand

an American painter and co-founder of the Hudson River school of painting; famous for his landscape paintings in the 19th century

invoke

to call on for support such things as laws, authority, or privilege

John Marshall

served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court for more than three decades, during which time he helped increase the power and prestige of the Federal court system

nullify

a legal term that refers to the practice of invalidating or voiding a decision or contract; to cancel out or do away with.

temperance

restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food

fallacy

a false notion or belief; an error in thinking

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Francis Cabot Lowell

American industrialist who developed the Lowell system. He was remarkably very humane with his working conditions compared to other places in the world.

commercialize

to manage in such a way as to achieve a profit

market

a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through mediating agents or institutions.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

lament

a passionate expression of grief or sorrow

exhort

to urge strongly, advise earnestly

decry

to criticize openly; to publicly denounce

expedite

make (an action or process) happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly

nascent

(especially of a process or organization) just coming into existence and beginning to display signs of future potential.

autonomy

freedom from external control or influence; independence

suffrage

the right to vote in political elections

acolyte

a devoted follower or assistant