US History II H MIDTERM

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo in June 1914 triggered the outbreak of World War I.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The Emperor of Germany from 1888 to 1918, whose aggressive foreign policy contributed to World War I.

Militarism

A belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war; it escalated tensions before World War I.

Triple Alliance

A military alliance formed before World War I between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.

Triple Entente

An alliance between France, Russia, and Britain before World War I that counterbalanced the Triple Alliance.

Balance of Power

A strategy to ensure that no one nation or alliance becomes dominant over others, disrupted before World War I.

Central Powers

The coalition of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during World War I.

Allied Powers

The coalition opposing the Central Powers, including France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the U.S.

Trench warfare

A type of combat in which soldiers fought from long, deep trenches, characteristic of World War I.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship sunk by a German U-boat in 1915, influencing American opinion toward entering the war.

Isolationism

A policy of avoiding political or military involvement with other countries, initially adopted by the U.S. during World War I.

U-boats

German submarines used during World War I to blockade and attack Allied shipping.

Sussex Pledge

A promise made by Germany in 1916 not to sink merchant ships without warning, responding to American protests.

Zimmermann Note

A secret communication from Germany to Mexico proposing a military alliance, which spurred U.S. entry into WWI.

Selective Service Act

A law passed in 1917 authorizing the U.S. government to draft men into military service during World War I.

Convoy system

A strategy where merchant ships traveled in groups protected by military escorts to prevent attacks by U-boats.

Communists

Members of a political movement advocating for communal ownership, significant after the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Liberty bonds

U.S. government bonds sold to finance the war effort during World War I.

Bernard Baruch

A financier and head of the War Industries Board coordinating the production of war materials in the U.S.

National War Labor Board

Established in 1918 to mediate disputes between workers and employers during World War I.

Committee on Public Information

A U.S. government agency created to promote support for the war through propaganda.

George Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Information, creating pro-war propaganda during World War I.

Propaganda

Biased information used to promote a political cause, prevalent during World War I.

Schneck v. United States

A 1919 Supreme Court case that upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for distributing anti-draft pamphlets.

Fourteen Points

A proposal by President Wilson in 1918 for a peace settlement following World War I, promoting self-determination.

Self-determination

The principle that nations should have the right to determine their own political fate.

League of Nations

An international organization established after World War I to promote peace, though the U.S. never joined.

David Lloyd George

The British Prime Minister during World War I and a key member of the Big Four at the Paris Peace Conference.

Georges Clemenceau

The French Prime Minister during World War I, who sought to weaken Germany after the war.

Big Four

The leaders of the four main Allied Powers at the Paris Peace Conference: Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Orlando.

Reparations

Payments made by a defeated country to compensate for war damages, notably imposed on Germany after WWI.

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing harsh penalties on Germany.

Henry Cabot Lodge

A U.S. Senator opposed to the Treaty of Versailles, fearing it would limit U.S. sovereignty.

Historical Foundations for American Foreign Policy

Key principles shaping U.S. foreign policy, including the Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny.

Hawaii

Annexed by the U.S. in 1898, a key location for American imperialism.

Philippines

Acquired from Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War.

Puerto Rico

Also acquired from Spain in 1898, it became a territory of the U.S.

Cuba

U.S. exerted political influence over Cuba post-Spanish-American War, particularly through the Platt Amendment.

Panama

The U.S. supported Panama's independence from Colombia and gained control over the Canal Zone.

Economic Interests

Desire for new markets and access to raw materials driving American imperialism.

Military Strategy

Need for naval bases and military presence abroad contributing to American imperialism.

Cultural Superiority

The belief in the U.S.

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the globe.

Anti-Imperialist Sentiment

Opposition to U.S. imperialism, arguing it violated principles of democracy.

William McKinley

U.S. President who led the country into the Spanish-American War and supported imperial expansion.

Theodore Roosevelt

U.S. President known for his assertive foreign policy and the Big Stick approach.

William Howard Taft

U.S. President who promoted Dollar Diplomacy to extend American influence.

Woodrow Wilson

U.S. President who led the country into World War I and promoted democracy.

Roosevelt Corollary

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine advocating U.S. intervention in Latin America.

Big Stick Policy

Roosevelt's approach emphasizing negotiation backed by military strength.

USS Maine

A U.S. Navy ship whose explosion in Havana Harbor sparked the Spanish-American War.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized reporting that rallied support for the Spanish-American War.

Panama Canal

A strategic waterway completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Open Door Policy

A policy for equal trading rights in China proposed by Secretary of State John Hay.

Spanish-American War Causes

Factors like the USS Maine explosion and economic interests that led to the war.

Spanish-American War Effects

Territorial gains for the U.S., including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Economic Impact of Spanish-American War

Access to new markets and resources from acquired territories.

Political Impact of Spanish-American War

Marked the U.S.'s transition to a global power with overseas territories.

Influential Individuals in Spanish-American War

Notable figures include Theodore Roosevelt and Admiral George Dewey.

Foraker Act

Legislation establishing civilian government in Puerto Rico after the Spanish-American War.

Teller Amendment vs. Platt Amendment

Teller: U.S. would not annex Cuba; Platt: U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs.

How did humanitarism cause the SPAM War?

The US wanted freedom for cuba

How did imperial powers cause the SPAM War?

The United States had extended its influence through economic, military, and cultural engagement, and by the late 19th century, was looking to further expand its reach, particularly in Latin America

How did US foreign policies cause the SPAM War?

U.S. foreign policies, driven by expansionism, humanitarian concerns, economic interests, and the desire to assert dominance in the Western Hemisphere, led to the Spanish-American War.

Monroe doctorine

warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere

Amelio Ungulio

Philipine leader

What territories did US take after the SPAM War?

Guam, Puerto Rico, Phillipines

During the first half of the 19th century, what occupied most of the nation’s energies?

Acquiring and developing new territories.

What role did railroads play in the economic development of the U.S.?

They created a national marketplace, making the U.S. the world's premier market.

What was the significance of Hamilton’s financial plan for industrial growth?

It created federal policies that strengthened economic development and established a stable currency.

What did Hamilton want from the national bank?

He wanted it to build strong nations and tighten currency.

What economic strategy did Hamilton use to encourage American products?

He created tariffs on imported goods.

What was the goal of Clay’s American System?

To continue Hamilton’s ideas, increase tariffs, and focus on internal improvements.

What did Lincoln's financial plan aim to do?

Broaden his voter base by funding the transcontinental railroad through tariffs.

By 1900, how did the economic system in the U.S. change?

It replaced local markets with a unified nationwide economic system.

What were the positive effects of industrialism?

Benefits the middle class and wealthier citizens.

What were the negative effects of industrialism?

It didn't benefit workers and farmers, leading to materialism and social discord.

How did industrialism affect every aspect of American life?

It brought both benefits and challenges, leading to various social issues.

What natural resources were essential to American industrialism in the late 19th century?

Coal, iron, and copper.

How did immigration impact the American workforce?

The workforce became dependent on immigrants who worked for lower wages.

What did government subsidies to railroads represent?

Economic support from the government to promote industrial growth.

What was the significance of advances in communication?

They allowed businesses to develop new and loyal customer bases.

What role did corporation charters play in industrialism?

They legally bound companies together to prevent partners from leaving.

What was the laissez-faire attitude of the government?

It allowed people to do as they please, often protecting businesses over individuals.

What was the Bessemer process used for?

To create inexpensive steel that facilitated railroad construction.

What were the effects of high tariffs on American economy?

They encouraged purchasing of American goods and funded railroads.

What does 'Yankee ingenuity' refer to?

The ability to create American-made products and foster independence.

What was the importance of entrepreneurs in American industrialism?

They provided capital and new techniques to support economic growth.

How did vertical and horizontal integration affect competition?

They led to cut-throat competition and market growth.

What was Social Darwinism's role in the economy?

It justified ruthless competition as a natural selection process.

How did the factory system alter employer-worker relationships?

It ended personal relationships, making workers easily replaceable.

What challenges did workers face during industrialization?

Longer hours, lower pay, rigid timetables, and unsafe conditions.

What was the public opinion on labor unions during the late 19th century?

They faced strong opposition from both the public and government.

Who were the 'Old immigrants'?

Those who arrived before 1870, mainly from northern and western Europe.

Who were the 'New immigrants'?

People who arrived from 1880-1910, often physically different and seeking economic opportunities.

What were benevolent societies?

Organizations that provided aid to new immigrants in finding jobs and education.

What issues did nativists associate with immigrants?

Crime, poverty, and low wages.

What movement sought to address the problems faced by farmers?

The Greenback movement aimed for relief from low prices.

What was the Farmers Alliance?

A cooperative effort of farmers to tackle their common struggles.

Which political party was predominantly supported by Populists?

The Populist movement had strong backing from farmers and factory workers.