Unit 7 Biology - DNA and Protein Synthesis

Fredrick Griffith

transformation

Avery, McCarty, and Macleod

DNA was responsible for the genetic exchange of information

Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase

they worked with bacteriophages and figured out its a virus that infects bacteria through the lytic cycle

Erwin Chargaff

figured out that Adenine and Thymine occur in equal amounts, and Guanine and Cytosine occur in equal amounts

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

purified large amounts of DNA, stretched the strands until parallel, and shot X-rays through the DNA to determine the shape of DNA.

Francis Crick and James Watson

discovered the structure of DNA is a double helix

lytic cycle step 1

the bacteriophage attaches itself to the surface of a healthy bacteria

lytic cycle step 2

the virus injects its DNA into the host cell

lytic cycle step 3

the host begins to replicate out and assemble virus particles

lytic cycle step 4

the cell then ruptures releasing the viruses and the cycle continues

two types of gene mutations

point mutations and frameshift mutations

four types of chromosomal mutations

deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation

CM deletion

part of the chromosome is deleted or missing

CM duplication

part of the chromosome is duplicated or repeated

CM inversion

part of the chromosome is cut out, flipped over, and reinserted backwards

CM translocation

part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to a completely different chromosome

GM substitution

a change in a DNA sequence where one nucleotide is replaced by another

GM insertion

a type of mutation where additional nucleotides are inserted into the DNA

GM deletion

a type of mutation where one or more nucleotides are deleted from the DNA

DNA is made of repeating units called

nucleotides

DNA sugar

deoxyribose

RNA sugar

ribose

what are the rungs of the DNA ladder made of

nitrogenous bases (ACTG)

Gene

a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building a specific protein or RNA molecule