Chapter 18 emotions

Experience

feelings (uniquely human)

Expression

behavioral output in response to an experience, measurable things like facial expression, sweating

Can we measure experience in animals

no, not really

How to find an animal’s emotional expression

by looking at behavior related emotions,
anxiety: light dark exploartion
fear: freezing reflex
depression: Force swim test, more swimming=happy

elememts of emotional expression

sympathetic activity, hormonal response, behavioral response (species specific)

Conservation of emotional expression

emotional expression is hereditary, used to protect territory

How does emotional expression differ

it differs:
across cultures
across ages
across species

James-Lange theory

Stimuli→emotional expression (sweating, etc.)→emotion expeirence

What is James-Lange principle

emotions results from expression

Cannon-Bard Theory

stimulus→emotional experience→emotional expression

Why can’t Cannon-Bard theory be right

loss of sensory sensory feedback about physiological response, reduces emotions (this supports James-Lange theory)

Unconscious emotions

stimulus can elect a response withouts conscious awarness

What also supports James Lange theory

unconscious emotions

Who found the limbic lobe

Broca (cingulate gyrus)

What did Broca also discovered

The cingulate gyrus forms a ring around corpus callosum and brain stem (structural observation), he did not attribute structures to emotions

What did Papez Circuit find

Limbic structures especially the cingulate cortex are involved in emotional experience
Also, emotional system on the medial wall of the brain, links cortex with hypothalamus (emotional expression)

What did Papez Circuit think about the cortex

it colored emotional experiences

What did Papez Circuit think about the hypothalamus

it was behavioral expression of emotion

What did Papez Circuit think about the hippocampus

expressed emotions

What was Papez Circuit cycle

The cingulate cortex (emotional experience)→Hippocampus→Fornix→ Hypothalamus (emotional expression)→Anterior Nuclei of thalamus→ cingulate cortex (this cortex talks back and forth to neocrotex)

What is the function of limbic system

to secrete one discrete emotions

What does prefrontal cortex damage (frontal lobotomy) do

causes severe effects on social and emotional behavior, use to treat to psychoses

What does prefrontal cortex damage (frontal lobotomy) cause a defect in

the ability to plan, organize, expression emotions, experiences emotions, recognize emotions, apathy and lose of drive

According to the basic theories of emotion what are the 6 basic emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise

What did basic theories of emotions reinforce

the darwinian perspective

Dimenstional theories of emotions

Basic emotions can be broken down into smaller emotions, and can be combined to make new emotions

How do we graph dimentsional theories

by valence (positive or negative) and arousal

Emotions vs Feelings

Emotions: physiological responses (it occurs automatically)
Feelings: after awarness of the brain to physical change,

Somatic Marker hypothesis

signals in our body arise to create an emotion due to a past experience
allows for better decision making

What are feelings

mental experiences of body states

What is fear

emotions caused by anticipation or awareness of danger

What is anger

strong feeling of dispute; a threatening or violent appearance

Aggression

hostile or destructive behavior due to anger

What mediates fear and emotions

amygdala

What did the Kluver-Bucy test include

bilateral temporal removal in rhesus monkeys

too much fear =

a phobia

What is the two different types of fears

innate and learned fear

What was the result of the Kluver Bucy test

decreased fear and aggression
Decreased vocalization and facial expression
uses mouth to examine object

What happens when we destroy temporal lobe in humans

kluver-bucy syndrome
flattened emotions
hyper sexuality

What are the three regions of amygadala

basolateral, central nucleus, and corticomedial nucleus

How did facial expression show that Amygdala produces fear

when people see a fearful face amygdala activity increases
doesn’t increase with a happy/neutral face

What does electrical stimulation of amygdala do

increases attention

What did S.M. case study encompass

A person who had calcified amygdala

What was the results of S.M. case study

she couldn’t recognize fear in facial expression nor was she ever scared of anything

What could S.M. do normally

detect people face and describe emotions but less likely to detect fear and anger

Importance of Paul Ekman

he studied micro expression

What were the emotions Paul Ekman detected

Anger, Disgust, Fear, Happy, Sad, and Supreise

How did scientists stimulate fear in S.M.

simulating suffocation with CO2

How did CO2 cause fear in S.M.

evokes a panic attack and other neural systems beyond fear

What does the amygdala do that we overlooked

forming memories in emotional events

What is the evidence that Amygdala forms memories during emotional event

Pairing a tone with a mild shock,

Where does both Somatosensory and Auditory stimulus goes in the Amygdala

Basolateral nuclei→cerebral cortex→emotional experience
Basolateral nuclei→central nuclei→hypothalamus→automatic response
Basolateral nuclei→central nuclei→Periaqueductal grey matter in brain stem→behavioral reaction

What did lesion of amygdala do in the shock experiment

there was no expression of conditioned fear, so when extinction happened they didn’t freeze even during the first trial

Predatory aggression (4)

used to get food
few vocalization
attacking the head/neck
low levels of sympathetic activation

Affective aggression (6)

they are angry
defensive posture
agnostic behaviors
vocalization
appearing large
high levels of sympathetic activation

What happened in the kidnapping alteration experiement

Scientists kidnapped a monkey lesioned its amygdala and put him back in the colony

What was the result of the kidnapping alteration experiment

the monkey fell down in heirachy because it couldn’t feel fear so he had no idea that it had to threaten others

What did doctors do in the 1960’s

Amydalectomy/frontal lobotomy

What was the results of the Amydalectomy/frontal lobotomy

Positive: Reduced aggression, and asocial behavior
Negative: Decreased ability to concentration, inappropriate behavior, difficulty planning and working towards a goal

What is positive symptom

a symptom you can see

removal of anterior hypothalamus

aggression with little provocation (sham rage)

Removal of posterior hypothalamus causes what (trick question)

no sham rage

Where does posterior hypothalamus do with aggression

can generate aggression and it can be inhibited by cerebral hemisphere

Where does affective aggression come from

stimulation medial hypothalamus

Where does predatory aggression come from

stimulation lateral hypothalamus

What pathway is affective and predatory aggresion

hypothalamus pathway using the brain stem

What is the affective aggression pathway

Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus→periaqueductal gray (mid brain)

What is the predatory aggression pathway

medial forebrain bundle→ventral tegmental area (mid brain)

What is an important neurotransmitter in aggression

Serotonin

Where does serotonin derive from

raphe neurons in the brain stem

where does raphe neurons go to

hypothalamus and limbic structures

How does the serotonin neurons go to the hypothalamus and limbic structures

via the medial forebrain bundles

What is the Serotonin deficiency hypothesis

aggression is inversely related to serotonin

Where specifically in the brain stem in serotonin concentrated at

raphe nuclei, amygdala, PAG, basal ganglia,

How much sup type of 5-HT is there (sertonin)

14