Greek + imperial image

Zanker (Prima Porta)

Reign of moral superiority

Bishop (Prima Porta)

youthful and beardless appearance was atypical for contemporary leaders, which evokes links to Alexander the Great

Beard (Res Gestae)

egocentric, self-obsessed document

Moore (Res Gestae)

If it contained anything directly untrue then many people could disprove it

Beard and Henderson (Forum)

decorations supported Augustan ideology

Wallace-Hadrill (Forum)

Augustus wanted to identify with the past

Wallace-Hadrill (Actium)

was portrayed as a fight to save the Roman gods, ideas and morality against the threat of barbarism and corruption

Syme (Actium)

it was a shabby affair

Beard (Actium)

focusing on cleopatra avoided publicising that Octavian had fought a Roman

Wilson (coins)

they were clear, uncluttered and easy to decode

Galinsky (coins)

laurel wreaths displayed his anxiety to move away from memories of the civil war and towards the ensuing peace

Harris (literature)

literacy rates were at 10% max

Zanker (religious reforms)

"new and old religious activities now meant everyone could get involved in religious affairs"

Beard (Caesar)

Was Augustus' passport to power

Syme (propaganda)

Mycaenas was his minister of propaganda

Favro (propaganda)

Buildings were useful for every propaganda aim

Syndikus (literature)

Horace meant to endorse Augustus's policies (particularly in moral decadence)

Hofmann (Relationship)

Ergot in the Elusinian kykeon evoked a deep sense of sorrow and melancholy, thereby allowing participants to sympathise with Demeter

Graham (Relationship)

Votive offerings encouraged the gods to act

Redfield (Nature)

Gods are a source of comedy

Alan (Nature)

Gods are not portrayed as being amoral

Griffin (Nature)

Gods are impressive and deserving of worship

Zaidman (Festivals)

Festivals are inseparable from Greek civic life

Sourvinou-Inwood (Personal)

Majority of worship was ritualistic not spiritual, however it was not solely a group religion

Kindt (Personal)

Types of worship was a spectrum of private and public

Dillon (Gender)

Priests for gods, priestesses for goddesses, though there were certain exceptions

McClure (Gender)

Men and women worshipped different gods

Burkert (Sacrifice)

Killing creates community

Dettiene and Vernant (Sacrifice)

Feeding the community

Naiden (Sacrifice)

Builds the relationship between the mortals and gods

Bell (Sacrifice)

Rituals defined social power and relations e.g women's lack of presence

Tor (Philosophy)

Xenophanes rejects traditional theological beliefs and replaces them with his own

Herrman (Philosophy)

Socrates' beliefs questioned traditional beliefs

Kelly (Sanctuaries)

They performed religious and political purposes

Scott (Sanctuaries)

• Delphi was a unifying space

• Decor/ offerings - the bigger, the bolder, the better

Scott (sanctuary decor)

• Sanctuaries would be packed and super busy

Scott (sanctuaries busy)

Velentza (Acropolis)

Friezes justified Athenian warfare

Hadingham (Acropolis)

Parthenon expressed Athens's burgeoning democracy