BIOSCI 107

Epidermis

Part of the integumentary system, top layer of the skin

Dermis

Part of the integumentary system, includes sebaceous glands, hair follicles, hairs, sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors. Middle layer of skin

Hypodermis

Fat stores and attatches the skin to deeper layers, bottom layer of the skin

Sebaceous glands

lubricates hair shaft and epidermis, part of the dermis in the integumentary system

Hair follicles

Sensation from innervation, part of the dermis in the integumentary system

Hairs

Offers protection, part of the Dermis within the integumentary system

Skeletal Muscles

Part of the Muscular system, responsible for all skeletal movement

Axial Muscles

Part of the skeletal system, provides support and positioning of the body and axial skeleton

Appendicular muscles

Part of the Muscular system, helps to support and move limbs

Tendon

Part of the Muscular system, a fibrous, rope-like connection between muscle and bone

Aponeuroses

Part of the Muscular system, a sheet like muscle to muscle (or muscle to bone) connection

Name the 6 levels of structural organisation in order

1. Chemical (atoms)

2. Cellular (muscle cells)

3. Tissue (muscle)

4. Organ

5. System

6. Organismal

Chemical Level

Made up of atoms C, H, O, N, P, and join to form molecules

Cellular level

Basic structural and functional units of the body, eg muscle cells

Tissue level

a group of cells that work together to form a particular function.

What are the four major classes of tissue?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve

Organ level

Organs are structures with specific functions made from two or more types of tissue

System

Consists of related organs with a common function, eg cardiovasular

Organismal

All the parts of the body function together to constitute a living organism

What is the skeletal system made up of?

Bones, joints, cartilage and ligaments

What is cartilage?

Cartilage is bone interfacing, and has two types: hylaine (ribs, joints) and fibrous (discs). Part of skeletal system.

Axial Skeleton

Protects bran and spinal cord, sense organs and soft tissue of the thorax, as well as supporting body weight over lower limbs. Part of skeletal system.

Appendicular skeleton

Consists of limb bones, supporting cartilage and ligaments. Provides internal support and positioning of the external limbs. Enables muscles to move the axial skeleton. Skeletal system.

Bone

Stores minerals and bone marrow, part of skeletal system

Bone Marrow

Red- red blood cell production (flat bones)

Yellow- Stores of fat cells (found in medullary cavity of long bones, gained with age)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Control Center, short term control over other systems, part of the nervous system.

Brain

controls voluntary and involuntary activities, part of the nervous system

Spinal Cord

Relays information to and from the brain, performs less complex integrative activities (Reflex arc), part of the nervous system

Special Senses

Sensory input to brain relating to hearing, smell and taste and equilibrium are Peripheral nervous system but processing is central nervous system.

Peripheral nervous system

Links the central nervous system with other systems and sense organs (taste etc.)

What are the five main components of the nervous system?

1. Central nervous system

2. Bran

3. spinal cord

4. Special senses

5. Peripheral nervous system

Pineal Gland

Day night ryhtym ( melatonin), part of the endocrine system.

Hypothalamus / pituitary gland

Controls many other endocrine glands, regulates growth and fluid balance. Endocrine system.

Thyroid gland

Metabolic rate (thyroxine). Endocrine system.

Parathyroid gland

calcium levels. Endocrine system.

Thymus

Maturation of lymphocytes. Endocrine system.

Adrenal Glands

Water and mineral balance, tissue metabolism (cortisol), cardiovascular and resipratory function (adrenaline). Endocrine system.

Kidneys

Red blood cell production, blood pressure up, calcium levels. endocrine system.

Pancreas

Glucose control. endocrine system.

Gonads

Sexual characteristics and reproduction. endocrine system.

Anterior pituitary gland

realeases growth hormone to grow bones and muscles, too much GH from childhood causes Gigantism, as an adult causes Acromegaly.

IGF

Insulin like growth factor

Lymphatic vessls

contractile vessles, carry lymph fluid (water and protein) and lymph ocytes from perihpheral tissues to veins of cardiovascular system. Lymphatic and immune system.

Lymphatic fluid

Lipids ( fats and fatty acids) from gut and fluid from tissues. Lymphatic and immune system.

B cells and T nodes

Cells that carry out immune responses. Lymphatic and immune system.

Lymph nodes ( including tonsils)

Monitor composition of lymph defence, engulf pathogens, stimulate immune response. Lymphatic and immune system.

Spleen

Monitors circulation blood cells, engulfs pathogens, recycle red blood cells, produces immune response. Lymphatic and immune system.

Thymus

Controls development and maintenance of the T cell lymphocytes. Lymphatic and immune system.

Heart

Propels blood and maintains blood pressure. Cardiovascular system.

Blood Vessels

Arteries, capillaries and veins

Arteries

Conduit from heart to capillaries. Cardiovascular system.

Capillaries

Diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid. Cardiovascular system.

Veins

Return blood from capillaries to heart. Cardiovascular system.

Blood

Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and hormones. Removes waste, regulates temperature, defense against illness (immune cells), Acid Base balance (-HCO3). Cardiovascular system.

Nasal Cavity and paranasal sinuses

Filter, warm and humidify air and detect smells. Respiratory system.

Pharynx

Conducts air to Larynx. Respiratory system. Solid foods and liquids to the Oesophagus. Digestive System.

Larynx

Protects opening to trachea, vocal cords for vocalisation. Respiratory system.

Trachea

Conducts air (cartilage keeps it open).Respiratory system.

Bronchi

Conducts air between trachea and lungs. Respiratory system.

Lungs

Air movement, gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveoli, acid base control. Respiratory system.

Diaphragm

Muscle (skeletal) for chest and air movement. Respiratory system.

Salivary Glands

Buffers and lubricates, enzymes that begin digestion. Digestive System.

Oesophagus

Food to stomach. Digestive system.

Stomach

releases acid, enzymes and hormones. Digestive system.

Small Intestine

Enzymes for digestion, Buffers and hormones, absorbs nutrients

Liver

releases bile, regulates nutrients in the blood

Gallbladder

Concentrates bile

Pancreas

Digestive enzymes, buffers, endocrine cells

Large intestine and anus

pee, poop

Kidneys

Makes and concentrates pee, monitors ph and ions, blood pressure and volume. Urinary system

Ureters

Conducts pee to bladder

Bladder

Stores your pee

Urethra

Moves urine to pee

EPO

a glycoprotein hormine made by interstitial fibroblasts in kidneys, which promotes erythopoiesis in bone marrow

Howto make blood have a higher capacity for carrying oxygen?

When there is more activity from RBC stem cells, more RBC is produced, making blood able to carry more oxygen

Testes

Makes sperm and hormones. Male reproductive system.

Eepdidymis

Sperm maturation. Male reproductive system.

Ductus deferens

Sperm from epididymis. Male reproductive system.

Seminal Glands and prostate glands

Seminal fluid. Male reproductive system.

Urethra

Sperm out of body. Male reproductive system.

Penis

Reproduction and thermal. Male reproductive system.

Scrotum

Controls testes. Male reproductive system.

Ovaries

Makes Oocytes and hormones. Female reproductive system.

Uterine tubes (fallopian)

Delivers oocytes, place of fertilisation. Female reproductive system.

Uterus

Where embryo develops. Female reproductive system.

Vagina and external genitalia

Birth canal, lubrication, sperm reception. Female reproductive system.

Mammary glands

Milk for baby, Female reproductive system but also is modified sweat gland, so part of integumentary system too.

Where does epithelial tissue cover?

The surface of the body, lines the sides of hollow organs, cavities and ducts, makes up the bodies glands.

What are the key functions of epithelial tissue?

Selective barriers (limit or aid in a transfer), Secretory (onto a free surface), Protective (mostly from abrasions, scratches etc)

What is the general structure of epithelium cells?

Arranged in a continuous sheet, as either a single layer or multiple layers of cells, held together by junctions.

Whate are the 5 kinds of junctions between epithelium cells?

Tight Junction, adherens junction, gap junctions, Desmosomes, Hemidesmosomes.

What are the three surfaces of epithelial cells?

Apical / free surface, Lateral, Basal / attatched surface

What bridges the gap for each junction?

Tight- strands of transmembrane proteins

Adherens, Desomosome and hemidesmosome- plaque

Gap junction- Connexons

Name the junction and fill in the gaps

Tight, adjacent plasma membranes, intercellular space, strands of trans-membrane proteins

Where are tight junctions commonly found?

Stomach, intestines, bladder

Key proteins in a tight junction?

Claudins and occludins

How does a tight junction maintain cell polarity?

By preventing migration of the proteins between apical and basal surfaces.

type of junction and name numbers

adherens, 1. Adjacent plasma membrane 2. Microfilament (actin). 3. Plaque. 4. Trans-membrane glycoprotein (cadherin). 5. Intercellular space. 6. adhesion belt

What do cadherins and catenins do in an adheren junction?

span the gap, link cadherins to actin.

What does an adheren junction prevent?

Cell seperation from tension forces, eg. contractions