L11 horse nutritional diseases | nutrition exam 2

What is the Mg level of hypomagnesemic tetany

Mg <1.6 mg/dl

A Mg level of <1.6 mg/dl is characteristic of what disease

hypomagnesemic tetany

Why is magnesium crucial for equines physiologically

necessary for:

• adenyl cyclase activity

• parathyroid hormone release

Without PTH, less calcium is absorbed resulting in what disease

hypocalcemia

What is the treatment of hypocalcemia

Mg and Ca

Iodine excess and iodine deficiency causes clinical signs of what diease

hypothyroidism

Over supplementation of iron in what life stage of equid leads to liver failure

in foals

What is rhabdomyolysis

rhabdomyolysis - damage/destruction of muscles

What is the etiological agents of rhabdomyolysis

• extreme excercise

• excretion

How does rhabdomyolysis result in inc metabolic implications

severe muscle damage → have metabolic implications

What is the risk of horses on a higher fat diet and low antioxidant intake

higher risk of exercise-related oxidative damage

What are the clinical signs of rhabdomyolysis

• muscle pain

• swollen muscles

• stiff gait

• myoglobin in the urine (cause red-brown urine)

• potassium leakage

Rhabdomyolsis in equines may lead to potassium leakage from myocytes which cause which two diseases

• cardiac arrythmia

• cardiac arrest

If providing nutritional treatment for rhabdomyolysis, what is the feed percent and limitation percentage to starch

feed: 1%-2.5% BW/day

limit starch to 10%

What should be in the diet for treatment of rhabdomyolysis

high fat, high fiber, low starch with veg oil diet

• inc fats (20%-25% DE in fat)

• veg oil

• high fiber

• low starch

During pregnancy or lactation in mares, what is a common lipid related condition that can arise

hyperlipidemia

Hyperlipidemia is common in what type of equids

• overweight ponnies

• donkeys

• pregnant/lactating mares

What is the pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia

FFA exceeds rate of metabolism causing accumulation of triglycerides (from lipid re-esterification) in hepatocytes

For treatment of hyperlipidemia and anorexic in equines, what is the treatment

feeding tube reverses catabolic state

what is the treatment for hyperlipidemia in ponies

insulin stimulates peripheral lipoprotein lipases

What is the best treatment for hyperlipidemia

prevention

• maintain an ideal BCS

• address disease and monitor intake

• provide high-quality diet for mares during preg,lactation

What are the causes of colic in equids

• indigestible food

• sand, pica

• poor dehydration

What is the treatment for colic

• soak food

• 3-4 portions

• provide soluble fiber - beet pulp

What are the causes of gas colic

• excessive fermentation and gas production

• high energy feeds such as grain, lush, forage

What is the difference between palpation of gas colic and sand colic

gas colic → palpate in LI

sand colic → difficult to palpate in LI

What is the prevention of colic

• access to water

• dental health

• avoid excess grain/high energy forage

• slow diet change

• avoid feeding after exercise

• encourage owners to become educated

What is laminitis

disruption of blood flow to the laminae

What are the three etiological causes of laminitis

• excessive carbohydrate intake

• gut microbial shift

• endotoxemia

In the case of laminitis, what causes excessive carbohydrate intake to cause laminitis

incidental grain overload (→ excessive carbohydrate)

What are the characteristics of gut microbial shift in the cause of laminitis

fermentation of carbs in the LI causes acidosis → bacterial die-off and release of endotoxins

What are the characteristics of endotoxemia in the cause of laminitis

(endotoxemia in laminitis)

inc TPR

inc risk of colic

What are preventions of laminitis

• avoid high sugar/water soluble carbohydrate feed

• soaking hay in water and then removing water can help reduce water-soluble carbohydrate → dysbiosis

What is the hallmark of equine metabolic syndrone

insulin dysregulation → abnormal insulin response to oral or IV glucose

Hyperinsulinemia w normal BG concentration is hallmark finding for what condition

equine metabolic syndrome

How do horses with equine metabolic syndrome respond to high carbohydrate meals

inc insulin

elevated BG that tapers slowly

What is the dx procedure for oral sugar test for equine metabolic syndrome

Oral sugar test (OST)

1. fast for 3-12 hours

2. oral dose of corn syrup .15-.45 mL/kg

3. blood collected at 60-90min

4. insulin conc >60 mU/L is abnormal

How does feeds affect BG and insulin related to equine metabolic syndrome in horse

higher glycemic response produces a higher insulin response

What is glycemic index

glycemic index: the plasma/BG response to ingestion of a measured amount of feed

What reduces the glycemic index

pelleting

extrusion

What has a higher glycemic index than legume hay

grass hay

What is the result of horses adapting to high glycemic index food

inc insulin secretion

dec insulin response

→ chronic negative implications

If horse is not fed longer than 48hrs in an animal with good physiological status, what should be considered

nutritional intervention