AP EURO Unit 7: 19th Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Otto Von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the unification of the German Empire

Count Camillo Benso of Cavour

An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the push for Italian unification. Became prime minister of Italy with the help of Victor Emanuel II. In office from 23 March 1861 - 6 June 1861.

Realpolitik

A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

Three Emperors League

This was an alliance started by Bismarck, between Germany, Austria, and Russia. Conflicting interests between Austria and Russia during the Russo-Turkish war and the resulting Congress of Berlin caused it to fall apart. Soon, Russia sought Germany for an alliance again, and it was rekindled in 1881.

Triple Alliance

An alliance in 1882 that consisted of Germany, Austria, and Italy. This alliance was made in an attempt to isolate France from gaining allies and nulling their threat

Louis Napoleon III

He was elected president after Louis Phillip reign, and his era was known as the

Second Republic until he named himself emperor during the 2nd Empire of France and best known for

his reconstruction of Paris. His surrender to Otto von Bismarck in 1870 ended his reign.

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-82)

An Italian radical and military leader who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily with the help of Cavour

Karl Marx

German Philosopher, economist, and revolutionary who wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894) with the help of Friedrich Engels. These works explain historical developments in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, include the idea that history is a story of class struggle, and ultimately form the basis of all communist theory

Kulturekampf

Refers to the German policies aimed at reducing the power of the Roman Catholic Church in Prussia, enacted from 1871-1879 by chancellor Otto Von Bismarck.

Charles Darwin

English biologist, naturalist, and geologist who introduced the ideas of natural selection and evolution; argued that specific behaviors evolved because they led to advantages in survival or reproduction

Red Shirts

Group of Italian volunteers started by Giuseppe Garibaldi. They fought in the Italian

Unification War and are most famous for their siege of Rome. They were also proud Italian Nationalist

and had very liberal ideas.

Friedrich Nietzsche

A German Philosopher, he declared that Europeans must recognize that God is dead if they are to renew western society. He is also popular for his idea of Ubermensch which would later influence the ideology of fascist parties within Germany.

Crimean War

was fought from October 1853 to February 1856 between the Russian Empire and an ultimately victorious alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia-Piedmont. This was on of the first instances to show an upset of the Concert of Europe.

Social Darwinism

A societal application of the theory of evolution, it followed the idea of the survival of the fittest. Proponents of this ideology believed that weak cultures would die out and that stronger cultures would grow in power and influence.

Naturalism

a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

Impressionism

A movement originating in 1870, it is characterized by a concern with depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in terms of the shifting effect of light and color. Many paintings focused on nature as well as cities

Economic Imperialism

A term for the domination of the world's economic activity by European financial systems due to massive investments and the growth of domestic industries in foreign countries. Following the European expansion into Africa, this became the primary medium for European expansion of influence.

Scramble for Africa

Occurred during 1881-1914, this term defines the European occupation division, and conquest of African territories. This series of events started the so called era of new imperialism in which European countries began to once again expand colonial power

Berlin Conference

Occurring 1884-1885, this convention of Europe's main colonial powers divided up Africa and regulated commerce. The outcome of this convention led to a period of renewed colonial activity for the European powers as almost all African nations became subjected to a European power.

New Imperialism

A term that refers to the sense of heightened colonialism by the European powers in the 1880s. This renewed sense of colonialism was the primary factor in the colonization of Africa and new pacific territories.

Franco-Prussian War

Also known as the war of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation. Ultimately it led to the end of the 2nd French Empire and ultimately the unification of the German Empire

King Leopold II

King of the Belgians from 1865-1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908. It was under his reign that the brutality of the treatment of the Congolese people was brought to light in Europe

Boxer Rebellion

Was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901. It was a reaction against European imperialist efforts in China

Gunboat Diplomacy

the pursuit of foreign policy objectives with the aid of conspicuous displays of naval power, implying or constituting a direct threat of warfare should terms not be agreeable to the superior force.

White Man's Burden

a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed. This was a justification used by the Europeans during the Age of Imperialism