biological macromolecules

Triclygycerols/triglycerides

3 fatty acids

saturated fatty acid

only single bonds between neighbouring carbons in the hydrocarbon chain

unsaturated fatty acids

hydrocarbon chains that contain a double bond, usually are oils

cis fat

hydrogens present in the same place, double bond causes a kind that prevents fatty acids from packing tightly hence liquid at room temperature

trans fat

hydrogen atoms are in 2 different planes

polysaccharides

long chain of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds, may be branched or unbranched

glycogen

storage form of glucose in humans and other vertebrates and is compromised of monomers of glucose (polysaccharide)

chitin

polysaccharide containing nitrgoen

disaccharides

form when 2 monosaccarides undergo a dehydration reaction

glycosidic bond

covalent bond formed between a carbohydrate and another molecule

monosaccharides

simple sugars (glucose, galactose, fructose, etc)

hydrolysis

reaction occurs when inserting a water molecule across the bond, breaks bonds and releases energy

dehydration synthesis

create covalent bonds between monomers, they release water molecules as byproducts. “put together while losing water”

polymers

large molecules that are monomers combined with each other through using covalent bonds

monomers

building blocks to macromolecules

biological macromolecules

large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)

omega three fatty acids

essential fatty acid that the human body requires but does no synthesize

waxes

long fatty acid chains esterfied to long chain alcohols comprises waxes

phospholipids

comprised of fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol or sphingosine backbone

amphipathic molecule

has hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

steroids

fused ring structure, hydrophobic and insoluable in water

proteins

acts as an enzyme, transport, builds structure, coordinate different body systems, protect body, etc

enzymes

catalyst in biochemical reactions, usually complex or conjugated proteins

catabolic enzyme

enzymes that break down their substrates

anabolic enzyme

build more complex molecules from the substrate

catalytic enzymes

enzymes that affect the rate of reaction

hormones

chemical signaling molecules secreated by endocrine cells that act to control or regulate specific physiological processes

denaturation

permanent changes in the proteins shape, leading to loss of function

amino acids

monomers that comprise proteins. made up of central carbon atom bonded to amino group, carboxylate group, hydrogen atom and r group

eicosanoids

lipid based signally molecules that play a unique role in innate immune responses, bascially allows immune cells to respond rapidly to bacterial invaders

cystic fibrosis

CFTR protein doesn’t work properly, chloride becomes trapped in cell and water cannot hydrate the cellular surface, leads to mucus covering the cells to become thick and sticky

glycosidic bond

covalent bond that holds together a glycoside, connects carbohydrate molecule to another group

lactose and lactase

the enzyme lactase breaks down milk sugar (lactose)