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How many ribs attach directly to the sternum (True ribs)
7
How many ribs attach indirectly to the sternum (False ribs)
3
How many floating ribs are there?
2
What is the Pectoral girdle comprised of?
the clavicle and the scapula
What does the pectoral girdle provide?
a rigid structure for muscles to pull against
Where is the pectoral girdle attached? (Anterior and Posterior)
Anterior attachment at sternoclavicular joint Posterior attachment is muscular
What does the pelvic girdle do?
Supports weight of the body from the vertebral column
What does the pelvic girdle do for lower organs?
Protects and supports
What is the primary function of your respritory system?
Gas exchange to support life
What is the secondary function of the lungs?
Provide energy for speech productuion
What is the trachea composed of?
Cartilage rings and a muscus membrane
Where is the trachea located?
Inferior to the larynx
What is the name of the point where the trachea splits?
Carina
What does the trachea split into?
Bronchi
what do Terminal bronchioles divide into?
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli are sourrounded by what?
a network of capillaries
Alveoli are a location for what exchnage (membrane is permeable)?
Gas exchange
What is inspiration?
Air is drawn into the lungs and the thoracic cavity expands, decreasing air pressure in the lungs
What is expiration?
Air is expelled from the lungs, the thoracic cavity contracts, increasing the air pressure in the lungs
Where is plueral linkage and what does it do?
between the lungs and the ribs; it enables the lungs to expand and contract as the thorax changes volume
Parietal Pluera
Lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
Viceral pluera
Lines the outer surface of lungs
Why are the pluera useful?
Provide friction free movement, protection, and link lungs to the walls of thorax
What is boyles law?
Pressure and volume are inversely related
What is the diaphragm the primary muscle of?
Inspiration
What does the diaphragm separate?
The abdominal and thoracic cavities
Which side of the diaphragm is higher?
Right
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
Phrenic nerve
What is the white part in the middle of the diaphragm?
Central tendon
Where does the sternal portion of the diaphragm attach? (Muscular portion)
\n to xiphoid process
Where does the costal portion of the diaphragm attach? (Muscular portion)
to inner surface of cartilage of ribs 7 - 12
Where does the vertebral portion of the diaphragm attach? (Muscular portion)
to upper lumbar vertebrae (corpus of L1, transverse process of L1 – L5)
What is the only muscle contracted during tidal breathing?
Diaphragm
(Muscles of inspiration) where are external intercostals located and what direction do they go?
between the ribs, course downwards and inwards
(Muscles of inspiration) Where do the external intercostals origionate from?
Surface of ribs 1-11
(Muscles of inspiration) What are the external intercostals intervated by?
T1-T11
(Muscles of inspiration)Levator muscles in the back help do what?
Elevate the ribcage
(Muscles of inspiration) What are the levator muscles intervated by?
T2-T12
(Muscles of inspiration) What ribs does the Serratus posterior superior elevate?
2-5
(Muscles of inspiration) What innervates the Serratus posterior superior?
T1-T4
(inspiration) where does the Sternocleidomastoid originate from?
mastoid process of temporal bone
(inspiration) what does the Sternocleidomastoid elevate?
sternum and by association rib cage
(inspiration) what do Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior) elevate?
ribs 1 and 2
(inspiration) What are Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior) innervated by?
C4-6
(inspiration) what does the Pectoralis major do?
Elevates sternum and therefore increases transverse \n dimension of rib cage
what is the pectoralis major innervated by?
C4-C7 and T1
what is the pectoralis minor innervated by?
C4-C7 and T1
true or false Expiration is passive at rest (requiring no active \n muscle contraction).
True
During exercise or breathing beyond tidal, \n expiration is aided by
active muscle contractions
Internal intercostals are the primary muscles of what?
forced exhalation
what are internal intercoastals innervated by?
T2-T11
what is the Abdominal aponeurosis used for?
has various attachments for muscles
what is the midline of the abdominal aponeurosis called?
linea alba
what is thr origin of the Rectus abdominis
Pubic crest and pubic symphysis
What is the rectus abdominis innervated by?
T7-T12
what action does the rectus abdominis perform?
Flexes trunk, aids forced expiration and \n raise intra-abdominal pressure
What is the deepest abdominal muscle?
Transverse abdominis
what is the origin of the transverse abdominis
vertebral column
whats is the transverse abdominis innervated by?
T7-T12
What action does the transverse abdominis perform?
Compresses abdomen
what is the origin of the Internal oblique abdominis?
anterior two thirds of iliac crest
what is the internal oblique abdominis innervated by?
T7-T12
what action does the internal oblique abdominis perform?
Supports abdominal wall, assists forced \n respiration, aids raising intra-abdominal pressure \n and, with muscles of other side, abducts and \n rotates trunk.
Which abdominal muscle is most superficial?
External Oblique abdominis
What is the external oblique abdominis innervated by?
T7-T12
What direction does the external obliques follow?
Courses downward and medially (generally \n opposite internal oblique abdominis
what is the origin of the external obliques?
lower borders of ribs 5-12
what action does the external obliques perform?
compress abdominal contents
what does the Serratus posterior inferior do?
Muscle of forced exhalation
where is the Serratus posterior inferior located?
Originate on the spinous process of T11 – L3 Insert into lower margins of ribs 7-12
what is the Serratus posterior inferior innervated by?
T9-T12
where is the Latissimus dorsi located?
The back
what does the Latissimus dorsi do?
Stabilizes posterior wall for expiration.
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