233-HYB Unit 8 Exam + FINAL (Part 2): Brain, Integration, and Sensory Processes

Referred pain is ________.

pain experienced in a part of the body other than the site of disease or injury

receptor fields

Using the two-point discrimination test you can fairly accurately determine whether you have been touched with one point or two because of the density of the receptor fields

Adaptation nervous system

A reduction in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus (as in, an itchy tag may be bothering you, but you soon forget about it)

Chemoreceptors

chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of pH, oxygen and carbon dioxide

Meissner's corpuscles

sensitive touch receptors in the dermis (light touch)

endorphines

"morphine within, runner's high"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters released during rigorous exercise. Reduces pain, enhances pleasure and improves mood.

Nociceptors

pain receptors--the pain can be lessened by release of endorphins

Bladder fullness is to ________ as blood pH is to ________.

baroreceptors (sensing fullness or pressure); chemoreceptors (sensing changes in pH)

Baroreceptors

monitor pressure. Baroreceptors in the aorta monitor blood pressure.

Preganglionic neurons of the autonomic nervous system are located in ___.

both the brainstem and the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A large dog jumps out and scares you. The dog is actually friendly, but you notice that it takes a little while for your heart rate and respiratory rate to return to normal. This is likely because ____.

sympathetic activation of the adrenal medulla has released epinephrine and norepinephrine into the bloodstream; the effects take a while to wear off

sympathetic chain ganglia

Clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord

sympathetic nerves

contains short preganglionic fibers and longer postganglionic fibers

Effects associated with post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers include:

increased heart rate, reduced circulation to the skin, increased sweat secretion, dilation of the pupils

Drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. Which of the following would you NOT expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug?

any parasympathetic response--see diagram

Almost 75 % of all parasympathetic outflow (effects of efferent signals) travels along the ________ nerve(s).

Vagus (CN 10)

Sympathetic outflow from CNS

thoracic and lumbar - "thoracolumbar" outflow

parasympathetic outflow

cranio-sacral outflow

Pre-ganglionic AND post-ganglionic axons in the ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter.

parasympathetic

memory consolidation

Conversion of a short-term memory to a long-term memory

Compare preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

sympathetic has SHORT preganglionic fibers (they only go from spinal cord to Sympathetic chain ganglia) --parasympathetic has LONG preganglionic fibers (they extend to an area close to the target organ)

Which systems are controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

cardiovascular system, digestive system, urinary system, respiratory system, reproductive system

Parasympathetic effects are localized and short-lived because __________.

acetylcholine is inactivated at the synapse by acetylcholinesterase

Mechanoreceptors

respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch (can be in ear or skin)

Photoreceptors

rods and cones, respond to visible light spectrum

Thermoreceptors

respond to changes in temperature

Proprioceptors

monitor posture and position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

tactile receptors

provide sensations of touch, pressure, and vibration

Cranial Nerve Mnemonic -name the nerves

See image

cranial nerves mnemonic (sensory, motor, both)

See image

actions of cranial nerves

See image

Circulation of CSF in the brain

KNOW THIS SPECIFIC ORDER: Choroid Plexus, Lateral Ventricles, Inter-ventricular foramen, 3rd ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle, apertures (3), subarachnoid space, central canal, arachnoid villi/ granulations, superior sagittal sinus

Rods are usually found in the _______.

outer margins of the retina

The semicircular canals monitor _______.

balance

Know the pathway of light through the eye

Cornea-> Aqueous Humor/Anterior CHamber -> Pupil -> Lens -> Vitreous Humor/ Posterior Chamber -> Retina -> Optic Nerve

Know the pathway of hearing through through the ear

Auricle/pinna -> Auditory Canal -> Tympanic membrane -> Ear Ossicles -> Oval Window -> Fluid in Vestibule distorts basilar membrane --> Vibrations transmitted across basilar membrane which stimulates (depolarizes) hair cells --> Signals from hair cells stimulates sensory neurons of cochlear nerve -->Cochlear branch merges with vestibular branch to form cranial nerve #8 and travels to temporal lobe of brain.