FDSC Exam 3

First documented tax levied on salt by

Chinese emperor Xia Yu

Who placed several different taxes with a university tax

Tsar Alexei

Staple in the Russian diet

Salted fish

solarium argentum (salt silver)

Allowance for Roman soldiers

What led to the term salad

Romans ate leafy greens with salt

Salsus

Salted

Neolithic settlements

Traded salt for obsidian

Caravans traded salt for

Gold

France placed unpopular tax on salt called

Gabelle (trigger of French Revolution)

Who led the Salt March?

Mahatma Gandhi

Salsicus

Seasoned with salt

Duality of salt

Preservation and corrosive

What was used to clean wounds before antibiotics

Salt

Why was salt a strategic objective

Used to cure leather

Saltville, VA

-important saltworks for the confederacy
-battle of Saltville I and II (1864, 1865)

China and US produce about __ of the worlds total salt

40%

salines

"Salt" or "to salt"

Turkish word for salt

Tuz

Cities in England ending in -wich named because

Importance to the salt trade

Worlds oldest public salt mine

Salzburg

Oldest salt mine in the world

Hallstatt

Why was the Erie Canal built?

Transfer salt to the Atlantic Ocean for trade

Two reasons Syracuse was named after Syracuse, Sicily

-both are locations for the salt industry
-both have neighboring towns named salina

Erie Canal was known as

The ditch that salt built

In the book of genesis

Lot's Wife/Pillar of Salt

In the Jewish faith

Salt was included in offerings

New Testament

Preserving the world and enhancing flavor of life

In the Buddhist faith

Salt is believed to repel evil spirits

Which shoulder do you throw salt over

Left

Who was buried sitting up in a bed of salt

13th Dalai Lama

spilling salt became synonymous with ______

infidelity

Greece slave trade

Are you worth your salt

Where was Morton salt company found

Chicago

Morton Salt Company created

Free flowing salt even in rainy weather

How we use salt to prevent disease

Goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland)

How is a goiter caused?

lack of iodine

goiter belt of US

Michigan

Who added iodine to salt

David Cowie

What percent of countries had iodized salt in 1990

20%

Today what percent of countries have iodized salt

70%

What country has the highest incidence of goiter

Ethiopia

US Daily Reference Value

2300 mg/day

When did humans know nothing about sugar

10000 BC

What was used as sweetener instead of sugar before sugar

Honey from Europe, Africa, Asia

Where did sugarcane originate?

New Guinea

In 6000 BC sugar was in

Philippines and India

Nearchus

Described sugarcane as a reeed in India that brings forth honey without the help of bees

Romans and Greeks used sugar for

Treatment for sugar ailments

What led to Europe conquering the acquisition of sugar

The Crusades of 1099

sugar remained rare and expensive until

1300s

By the early 1500s, ___ became the most important sugar producer in the world

Hispañola (Haiti)

German physician/botanist assessment of sugar

Tabernaemontanus

One teaspoon of sugar contains

16 calories

sugar beets and sugar cane

made into sugar we eat; sugar beets account for 60% of US produced sugar, sugarcane 40%

US is __ largest consumer of sugar

4th

Primary difference between sugarcane and sugar beets purification process

Sugarcane is produced at two facilities, a factory that extracts, raw sugar, and a second factory that refines the sugar

Difference between white and brown sugar

Molasses

Residue from sugar beets is primarily used in

Animal feed

How did sugar go from an elite luxury to common place?

Started with the New World enslavement of Africans

Sugarcane was brought to America and 1619 because

Colonist couldn't grow it

French priest who took a gamble and invested his life savings on the purchase of sugarcane

Etienne Bore

Largest single producer of sugar in the US

Domino sugar

Two types of naturally occurring sugar

Fructose and lactose (fruit and milk)

The average American adult consumes how many pounds of sugar per year

60

AHA recommend men have

9 tsp/day of sugar

AHA recommends women have

6 tsp/day of sugar

The number one cause of death in the US

heart disease

When did the FDA require labeling of added sugars?

January 2021

Allulose

rare sugar found in figs and raisins

sugar alcohols

Combination of sugar and alcohol from fruits and berries

artificial sweeteners

Acesulfame, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose

Monk fruit

Dried extract from the monk fruit

Neotame

An analog of aspartame

Who studied sulfobenzoic acid (Saccharine)

Ira Remsen (tasted sugar on his hands)

PKU

Individuals with PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine which can lead intellectual disabilities

Cyclamate

low calorie sweetener
30x sweeter than sucrose
Banned in the US

Acesulfame-K

-Artificial sweetener
-Active ingredient in SUNETTE & SWEET ONE
-STABLE IN HEAT
-Used in chewing gums, nondairy creamers, and gelatin puddings

Rebiana

sweet chemical in stevia leaves

Neotame

-Artificial sweetener
-Approved in 2002 by the FDA
-Often blended with other sweeteners
-NO AMINO ACIDS are ABSORBED, therefore it does not need to carry PKU warning
-STABLE IN HEAT

Advantame

-newest artificial sweetener in the US
-20,000 times sweeter then sugar

Why are soft drinks called soft

Opposite of "hard", do not contain alcohol

What was early soft drinks

Mineral water
-used for bathing and drinking

Worlds first soda company

The Compagnie de Limonadiers

What was the major discovery that changed soft drinks forever and by who

Carbonation; Joseph Priestly

who patented the soda fountain

Dr. Samuel Fahnestock

During prohibition, what drink became popular as a mixer

Ginger Ale

Who created Dr Pepper

Charles Alderton

Who created the Dr Pepper logo

Nellie Kelner

Dr Pepper TEN

Targeted men
10 calories

Who created the precursor to Coca Cola

John Pemberton

What did coke cost at first

5 cents

Who put Coca Cola in bottles

Joseph Biedenharn

Who invented the brown bottle cap

William Painter

Worlds first Coca-Cola bottle plant

Chattanooga, Coca-Cola

Who invented Pepsi-Cola?

Caleb Bradham

Pepsin

Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach

Who created RC Cola?

Claud Hatcher

What is RC Cola paired with?

Moon pies

Who created Mountain Dew and where?

Barney and Allie Hartman in Knoxville Tennessee

Who was the mascot for Mountain Dew in 1946

Willie, the hillbilly