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First documented tax levied on salt by
Chinese emperor Xia Yu
Who placed several different taxes with a university tax
Tsar Alexei
Staple in the Russian diet
Salted fish
solarium argentum (salt silver)
Allowance for Roman soldiers
What led to the term salad
Romans ate leafy greens with salt
Salsus
Salted
Neolithic settlements
Traded salt for obsidian
Caravans traded salt for
Gold
France placed unpopular tax on salt called
Gabelle (trigger of French Revolution)
Who led the Salt March?
Mahatma Gandhi
Salsicus
Seasoned with salt
Duality of salt
Preservation and corrosive
What was used to clean wounds before antibiotics
Salt
Why was salt a strategic objective
Used to cure leather
Saltville, VA
-important saltworks for the confederacy
-battle of Saltville I and II (1864, 1865)
China and US produce about __ of the worlds total salt
40%
salines
"Salt" or "to salt"
Turkish word for salt
Tuz
Cities in England ending in -wich named because
Importance to the salt trade
Worlds oldest public salt mine
Salzburg
Oldest salt mine in the world
Hallstatt
Why was the Erie Canal built?
Transfer salt to the Atlantic Ocean for trade
Two reasons Syracuse was named after Syracuse, Sicily
-both are locations for the salt industry
-both have neighboring towns named salina
Erie Canal was known as
The ditch that salt built
In the book of genesis
Lot's Wife/Pillar of Salt
In the Jewish faith
Salt was included in offerings
New Testament
Preserving the world and enhancing flavor of life
In the Buddhist faith
Salt is believed to repel evil spirits
Which shoulder do you throw salt over
Left
Who was buried sitting up in a bed of salt
13th Dalai Lama
spilling salt became synonymous with ______
infidelity
Greece slave trade
Are you worth your salt
Where was Morton salt company found
Chicago
Morton Salt Company created
Free flowing salt even in rainy weather
How we use salt to prevent disease
Goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland)
How is a goiter caused?
lack of iodine
goiter belt of US
Michigan
Who added iodine to salt
David Cowie
What percent of countries had iodized salt in 1990
20%
Today what percent of countries have iodized salt
70%
What country has the highest incidence of goiter
Ethiopia
US Daily Reference Value
2300 mg/day
When did humans know nothing about sugar
10000 BC
What was used as sweetener instead of sugar before sugar
Honey from Europe, Africa, Asia
Where did sugarcane originate?
New Guinea
In 6000 BC sugar was in
Philippines and India
Nearchus
Described sugarcane as a reeed in India that brings forth honey without the help of bees
Romans and Greeks used sugar for
Treatment for sugar ailments
What led to Europe conquering the acquisition of sugar
The Crusades of 1099
sugar remained rare and expensive until
1300s
By the early 1500s, ___ became the most important sugar producer in the world
HispaƱola (Haiti)
German physician/botanist assessment of sugar
Tabernaemontanus
One teaspoon of sugar contains
16 calories
sugar beets and sugar cane
made into sugar we eat; sugar beets account for 60% of US produced sugar, sugarcane 40%
US is __ largest consumer of sugar
4th
Primary difference between sugarcane and sugar beets purification process
Sugarcane is produced at two facilities, a factory that extracts, raw sugar, and a second factory that refines the sugar
Difference between white and brown sugar
Molasses
Residue from sugar beets is primarily used in
Animal feed
How did sugar go from an elite luxury to common place?
Started with the New World enslavement of Africans
Sugarcane was brought to America and 1619 because
Colonist couldn't grow it
French priest who took a gamble and invested his life savings on the purchase of sugarcane
Etienne Bore
Largest single producer of sugar in the US
Domino sugar
Two types of naturally occurring sugar
Fructose and lactose (fruit and milk)
The average American adult consumes how many pounds of sugar per year
60
AHA recommend men have
9 tsp/day of sugar
AHA recommends women have
6 tsp/day of sugar
The number one cause of death in the US
heart disease
When did the FDA require labeling of added sugars?
January 2021
Allulose
rare sugar found in figs and raisins
sugar alcohols
Combination of sugar and alcohol from fruits and berries
artificial sweeteners
Acesulfame, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose
Monk fruit
Dried extract from the monk fruit
Neotame
An analog of aspartame
Who studied sulfobenzoic acid (Saccharine)
Ira Remsen (tasted sugar on his hands)
PKU
Individuals with PKU cannot metabolize phenylalanine which can lead intellectual disabilities
Cyclamate
low calorie sweetener
30x sweeter than sucrose
Banned in the US
Acesulfame-K
-Artificial sweetener
-Active ingredient in SUNETTE & SWEET ONE
-STABLE IN HEAT
-Used in chewing gums, nondairy creamers, and gelatin puddings
Rebiana
sweet chemical in stevia leaves
Neotame
-Artificial sweetener
-Approved in 2002 by the FDA
-Often blended with other sweeteners
-NO AMINO ACIDS are ABSORBED, therefore it does not need to carry PKU warning
-STABLE IN HEAT
Advantame
-newest artificial sweetener in the US
-20,000 times sweeter then sugar
Why are soft drinks called soft
Opposite of "hard", do not contain alcohol
What was early soft drinks
Mineral water
-used for bathing and drinking
Worlds first soda company
The Compagnie de Limonadiers
What was the major discovery that changed soft drinks forever and by who
Carbonation; Joseph Priestly
who patented the soda fountain
Dr. Samuel Fahnestock
During prohibition, what drink became popular as a mixer
Ginger Ale
Who created Dr Pepper
Charles Alderton
Who created the Dr Pepper logo
Nellie Kelner
Dr Pepper TEN
Targeted men
10 calories
Who created the precursor to Coca Cola
John Pemberton
What did coke cost at first
5 cents
Who put Coca Cola in bottles
Joseph Biedenharn
Who invented the brown bottle cap
William Painter
Worlds first Coca-Cola bottle plant
Chattanooga, Coca-Cola
Who invented Pepsi-Cola?
Caleb Bradham
Pepsin
Enzyme that breaks down proteins in the stomach
Who created RC Cola?
Claud Hatcher
What is RC Cola paired with?
Moon pies
Who created Mountain Dew and where?
Barney and Allie Hartman in Knoxville Tennessee
Who was the mascot for Mountain Dew in 1946
Willie, the hillbilly
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