Global Challenges unit

Partition

 to divide into parts; the state of being parted; to divide a country into separate areas of government

sikh

 means ‘learner’ or ‘seeker of truth’; Sikhism is the world’s fifth largest religion; believes that people of all faiths worship one Divine Being who created this world and lives within it; believes that the divine is equally present in all people and that every person is equal in the eyes of God

kashmir

 a region of land disputed by India and Pakistan; both countries want the territory; conflict has been ongoing since the partition of India

Jawaharlal Nehru

 inspired by Gandhi; Non-Cooperation Movement; Madras Congress to the goal of Independence; founded the ‘Independence for India League’; elected President of the Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress with India's complete independence as a top goal; completed his ‘Autobiography’ in Almora Jail; protest against India’s forced participation in the war

Dalit

lowest castes in Indian caste system; untouchables

Indira Ghandi

actively involved in the freedom struggle; worked in riot-affected areas of Delhi under Gandhi’s guidance; She became the President of the Indian National Congress; held the highest office as the Prime Minister of India; according to polls, she was the most admired woman in the world; visited many countries

punjab

created when the partition of India split the former Raj province of Punjab between India and Pakistan; mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan’s Punjab Province; the mostly Sikh eastern part became India’s Punjab state; many people were displaced and much intercommunal religion-based violence

the golden temple

 Most spiritually significant Sikh temple; stands in the middle of a pool of water called the ‘pool of nectar’

Bangladesh

majority muslim; divided out during partition of INdia as part of muslim union with Pakistan, which it separated from after an independence war

nonalignment

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded with the view to advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War confrontation. In its first three decades, the Movement played a crucial role in decolonization, formation of new independent states, and democratization of international relations

Aung San Suu Kyi

awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, while still under house arrest, and hailed as "an outstanding example of the power of the powerless"; led her National League for Democracy (NLD) to victory in Myanmar's first openly contested election in 25 years; deposed by a coup when the military took control and arrested her; Myanmar constitution forbade her from becoming president because she has children who are foreign nationals; charged with illegally importing communications equipment; Inspired by the non-violent campaigns of US civil rights leader Martin Luther King and India's Mahatma Gandhi; international supporters accuse her of doing nothing to stop rape, murder and possible genocide by refusing to condemn the still powerful military or acknowledge accounts of atrocities; Myanmar's military has cracked down on pro-democracy protesters, activists and journalists

sukarno

 Indonesian statesman, politician, nationalist and revolutionary who was the first president of Indonesia; leader of the Indonesian struggle for independence from the Dutch colonialists; spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II; garnered support for the Japanese war effort from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas; Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence and Sukarno was appointed president;  led Indonesians in resisting Dutch re-colonisation efforts via diplomatic and military means until the Dutch recognition of Indonesian independence; unified people of differing ethnic, cultural and religious backgrounds without shedding a drop of blood

Suharto

Indonesian Army officer and politician, who served as the head of state and head of government of Indonesia;  second and the longest serving President of Indonesia; classified as dictator by foreign observers; known as the ‘smiling general’; conducted a purge of alleged communists

East Timor

 currently divided in two parts: the West is part of the Republic of Indonesia while the East had been a Portuguese territory since the 16th century; first traders and missionaries reached the coast of Timor in 1515, the island was organized in small states; Portuguese Dominican priests arrived in Timor and started developing a progressive religious influence, even as the Portuguese domination was still being settled; Dutch invaded the Western end of the Island of Timor, and took control of half of its territory and concluded a treaty with Portugal to determine the border between Timor-Leste and Western Timor; Indonesia tried to take over Timor despite a vote against joining Indonesia, resulting in a bloody war which was the first war in which the internet was used to call for a harsh UN intervention; independence day known as ‘Restoration of independence day’

Ferdinand Marcos

Filipino former President and prime Minister, statesman, war hero, author, poet and parliamentarian; arrested for having shot the then newly elected representative of Ilocos Norte, Julio Nalundasan who won over his father; found guilty by the lower court so he appealed to the Supreme Court; designated Special Assistant to the President; became Senator after he served as member of the House of Representatives for three terms, then later as Minority Floor Leader before gaining the Senate Presidency; became Prime Minister and president, seizing full control of the Philippines, imposing total censorship; ousted by revolution and went on exile in Hawaii; wife had more than 3,000 pairs of designer shoes - Marie Antoinette but 10x worse

Benigno Aquino

Filipino senator who became the most powerful political opposition leader against Ferdinand Marcos; arrested on falsified charges of weapons possession and conspiracy against the government; exiled to the United States; returned to the Philippines in an effort to negotiate peace with Marcos and was assassinated on the tarmac upon arrival; two million Filipinos walked in his funeral procession and thousands visited his widow in what became a highly public act of protest

Corazon Aquino

Benigno Aquino’s wife who was visited by thousands after his death; compared by the Catholic Church to Mary, with Benigno compared to Jesus

Deng Xiaoping

 ridiculed the Cultural Revolution slogan that held it was "better to be poor under socialism than rich under capitalism."; encouraged the creation of a market economy and capitalist-like enterprises; leader during Tiananmen square; one child policy; four reforms

Tiananmen Square

Protesters gathered in Tiananmen Square in Beijing in 1989; when they refused to disperse, the government sent in tanks and killed or injured thousands of people; Mrs. Riley talked about the guy who was there who offhandedly mentioned that his “colleague was shot” right next to him in the square

konrad adenauer

led West Germany during its recovery and reconstruction after World War II; accomplishments included West Germany’s entry into NATO and the founding of the European Economic Community

welfare state

country with a market economy but with increased government responsibility for the social and economic needs of its people

Margaret Thatcher

Britain's first female prime minister, serving from 1979 to 1990. Thatcher was a conservative and an avowed opponent of socialism, seeing it as anti-British because it eroded self-reliance. Under Thatcher, the British government sold nationalized industries to private firms. Thatcher also led the country during the Falklands War (1982) with Argentina

European Union

 an international organization made up of over two dozen European nations, with a common currency and common policies and laws

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

the total value of all goods and services produced in a nation within a particular year

Northern Ireland

scarred by a period of deadly sectarian violence known as “the Troubles”, fraught with car bombings, riots and revenge killings seeded by centuries of conflict between predominantly Catholic Ireland and mainly Protestant England; Northern Ireland remained under British rule

Good Friday Agreement

brought an end to 30 years of conflict in Northern Ireland, known as the Troubles; set up a new government for Northern Ireland, representing both nationalists and unionists

oligarch

 a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution

Douglas MacArthur

General that got fired for disobeying Truman in Korean war

Hirohito

approved pearl harbor; broadcast Japan’s surrender

Rebuilding Japan: Japanese government & economy

parliamentary constitutional monarchy; civil law system based on German model; system also reflects Anglo-American influence and Japanese traditions; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; fourth-largest economy; trade-oriented and highly diversified; high public debt levels

Japan’s reasons for success

built from scratch → modern industry/factories, disciplined and educated workforce → produce quality goods, shifted production in factories from textiles to steel → to machinery (cars & electronics), Less military spending → free to spend money on own infrastructure; protected under US Nuclear umbrella

Asian Tigers

 South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan

Deng Xiaoping

Four modernizations; instituted one child policy; supported censorship of protesters in Tiananmen square using violence

Four Modernizations

December 1978  a series of policies implemented in China designed to economically strengthen the country by infusing partial capitalism into the communist system; Deng argued that China could only reach true Marxism if it was able to economically develop; It had not been able to under Mao

Modern Issues China Faces

pollution, decreasing population, straining of local resources

Muslim

 a follower of Islam, a monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad; believe in Allah

Hindu

views the entire universe as God's and everything in the universe as God; believe that each person is intrinsically divine and the purpose of life is to seek and realize the divinity within all of us; worship Brahman, but recognize other gods; India is majority Hindu

Pakistan

split from India; majority Islam

Muhammad Yunus

 created a bank that loans money to the poor in Bangladesh, specifically women, to start businesses; Nobel peace prize

Grameen Bank

Bank created by Muhammad Yunus to loan money to the poor in Bangladesh, specifically women, to start businesses

List of India’s Challenges

religion struggles, pollution and waste management, education access and quality, overpopulation, caste system, corruption, healthcare access

United Nations Declaration of Universal Human Rights

 states rights believed to be inherent and held by all humans from the moment that they are born

Epidemic

limited disease outbreak

pandemic

global disease outbreak

Global challenges reflection

There are plenty of shared struggles that transcend borders and that are agreed upon by many countries, resulting in the sustainable development goals. Some of these goals include gender equality, access to quality education, world hunger, access to clean drinking water, and more. The hope is that countries will collaborate to meet these goals by 2030, creating a better world for people worldwide.

green revolution

better farming