Bio 205 Ch 18

The secondary immune response is _____ And provides a_____ Concentration of antibody

Faster, higher

It’s when we’re exposed to a pathogen for the second time. Our immune system attacks quicker and stronger than the first time

What is an antigen? what is an Epitope of an antigen? Can an antigen have more than one Epitope?

Antigen - A foreign macromolecule that reacts with components of the immune system. detection by the immune system triggers immune response

Epitope - unique protrusion on the surface of an antigen. Are recognized by our immune system

Yes it can have more than one epitope, typically 2 or 3

A basic antibody is made up Of two____ Chains and two ____ chains.

Heavy, light

How do antibodies vary?

Vary on the very tips of the binding sites, every antibody is going to be specific for a certain type of antigen

How many antigen binding sites does IgG have? How many antigen binding sites does IgM have?

2, 10

What does the term opsonization mean in regards to antibody action against pathogens?

It’s the teeth. It helps the phagocyte bind and crunch down on pathogens

Antibodies can help kill pathogens by ADCC. What does the acronym ADCC stand for?

Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Antibodies bind to a large pathogenic cell (that’s too big to be phagocytized) and then bind onto Natural Killer cells, bringing the 2 close to one another and acting as a bridge. The NK cells can then kill the pathogen through the release of lethal cytotoxins

What is the main function of a dendritic cell describe how the dendritic cell performs this function.

A big cell with long limbs that acts as a security guard, ingests a pathogen and breaks it up into little pieces and attaches MHC 2 molecules to it so other immune cells (T cells) can do their job to it

MHC 1 are

Markers on most of our cells that help our immune system identify cells that belong

MHC 2 are

Markers on RBC that help our immune system identify that they are antigen presenting cells

How does the specific, adaptive immune response differ from the non-specific innate immune response?

The specific, adaptive immune response is tailored to recognize and target specific pathogens using cells like Helper T cells and B cells, which create antibodies and develop memory for faster future responses

The non-specific, innate immune response acts quickly against all pathogens with general defenses like skin, phagocytes, and inflammation, but it doesn’t adapt or remember past infections

T-lymphocytes are responsible for

the cell mediated immune response

T cell receptors are

Antigen specific

Where do t-lymphocytes mature? (In what organ?)

Thymus

Where do B lymphocytes mature?

In bone marrow

What is the main function of Cytotoxic T Cells? How do they preform this function?

They destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens

If a cell is infected, the Cytotoxic T cell will see that on the MHC 1 and kill the cell

What type of T-helper cells stimulate B cell activation And differentiation into plasma cells and memory B cells?

T helper 2

Explain how a superantigen achieves non-specific, uncontrolled immune activation

Rather than binding the specific T cell to the specific infected cell, that it’s designed to attack, a superantigen bridges and binds the MHC 2 and TCR molecules triggering the whole army of T cells which release and excessive amount of cytokines causing excessive inflammation

We typically only want to activate the soldiers (T cells) we want.

A superantigen activates the whole army of T cells

What is the difference between variolation and vaccination as related to smallpox?

Taking the scabs of someone’s smallpox and either scratching them into your skin or snorting them so you body can develop antibodies

Vaccination: getting a vaccine (injection) of the same or a similar disease in order to trigger your body to develop antibodies

Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus are all ______ vaccines

Toxoid

What diseases are prevented by the MMR vaccine? What type of vaccine are they?

Measles, mumps and rubella

Live attenuated vaccine

What do the Menigococcal and pneumococcal vaccines protect against? What type of vaccine are they?

Conjugate vaccines

Meningococcal protects against neisseria meningitidis

Pneumococcal protects against streptococcus pneumoniae

Do the chickenpox and shingles vaccine Protect against the same virus? what is the difference between the two?

Yes same virus, just slight difference. There’s a vaccine for children (chickenpox) and one for adults (shingles)

What are the two different types of polio vaccine?

OPV (oral, live attenuated) can revert and cause polio

IPV (inactivated, not as effective but can’t revert)

Antibodies are produced by

Plasma cells

Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by

T cells

A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual

Epitopes

Which class of molecules is the most antigenic

Proteins

MHC I molecules present

Processed self-antigens from lroteasomes

MHC II molecules present

Processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes

Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells

MHC I

Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells and B-cells?

MHC II

What is a superantigen?

A protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner

What does the TCR of a helper T cells release histamine bind to?

Antigens presented with MHC II molecules

Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to which of the following?

Antigens presented with MHC I molecules

Which of the following would be a BCR (B cells Receptor)?

IgD

A patient is bitten by a dog with comfirmed rabies infection

After treating the bite would; the physician injects the pt with antibodies that are specific for the rabies virus to prevent development of an active infection

This is an example of

Artificial passive immunity

You get sick and then recover. A few days later a classmate comes down with the same cold but you don’t get sick again. This is an example of

Natural active immunity

IgA antibodies

in mucus secretions

IgD antibodies

naive B cells

IgE antibodies

parasitic infections and allergic reactions

IgM antibodies

First to arrive after activation of B cells

IgG

Crosses the placenta

Weakened influenza virions that can only replicate in the slightly lower temperatures of the nasal passage are sprayed in the nose. They do not cause serious flu symptoms but still produce and active infection that induced a protective adaptive immune response. What type of vaccine is this?

Live attenuated vaccine

Tetanus toxin molecules are harvested and chemically treated to render them harmless. They are injected into a pts arm. What type of vaccine is this?

Toxoid vaccine

Influenza virus particles grown in chicken eggs are harvested and chemically treated to render them non infectious. These immunogenic particles are then purified and packaged and administered as an injection. What type of vaccine is this?

Inactivated vaccine

The gene for hepatitis B virus surface antigen is inserted into a yeast genome. The modified yeast is grown and the virus protein is produced, harvested, purified and used as a vaccine. What type of vaccine is this?

Subunit vaccine