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Gene
A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait
gene pool
Combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population
biological evolution
the change over time in populations of related organisms
Mutation
An accidental change in a gene or chromosome.
natural selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
Fitness
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment
Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce
artifical selection
the selective breeding of organisms by humans for specific characteristics
speciation
Formation of new species
extinction
the loss of an entire species from Earth
Producer
An organism that can make its own food.
Consumer
An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms
Photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
Chemosynthesis
process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates
trophic level
Each step in a food chain or food web
biomass
the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume.
keystone species
A species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem
pioneer species
First species to populate an area during primary succession
ecological succession
gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance
lichen
colorful, flaky patches that grow on rock (symbiotic association between an algae and a fungus)
climax community
A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species over time
invasive species
species that enter new ecosystems and multiply, harming native species and their habitats