Human Development Exam 4 Fife

a woman is most fertile during days..

10-16

proliferative phase

growing of the lining of the uterus

secretory phase

lose lining of the uterus

the first outward sign of puberty is..

growth spurt (age 12.5)

the girls first sign of sexual maturation is..

budding of the breasts

the boys first sign of sexual maturation is..

enlargement of the testes

both boys and girls during sexual maturation grow..

underarm and pubic hair

girls starting menarche earlier because of obesity, because fat produces estrogens is because of what trends?

secular

heredity, SES, nutrition, body fat, ethnicity/race, developing vs. industrialized countries and early family experiences all lead to...

individual differences in pubertal growth

what impairs executive function, cognitive and emotional self-regulation?

lack of sleep

how many hours of sleep are needed?

9 hours

reduced school achievement, increased anxiety, depressed mood, and high risk behavior are caused by what?

lack of sleep

psychological distancing is due to what?

rise in conflict

what is the most common deficiency in these years?

iron

what common parent child relationship is linked to anorexia nervosa?

overprotective controlling mother and uninvolved father

what makes anorexia difficult to treat?

denial

early sexual activity is linked to...

economically disadvantaged homes, weak parental monitoring, and sexually active friends and older siblings

what percentage of U.S. teens do not use contraceptives consistently?

14

what is one major challenge of contraceptive use?

self-regulation is difficult for teens, they often overlook the consequences of risky behavior

with gay, lesbians, and bisexuals, coming out can...

help increase good self-esteem, psychological well being, and good relationships with family and friends

what age group has the highest rates of sexually transmitted infections?

15-24

occasional experimenters in substance use are...

psychologically healthy, sociable, and curious

what people have impulsivity, hostility in early childhood, low SES, family mental health problems,s, substance abuse, child abuse, poor school performance and weak cognitive control and elevated sensation seeking?

substance abusers

the people that think they are better than everyone else or not good enough tend to be self-conscious and more sensitive to children believe in the...

personal fable

what causes an increased risk for self esteem and academic difficulties (poverty and family disruption)?

additional strains

part time employment should have..

limited hours

defining who you are is linked to..

identity

identity is...

a process of exploration followed by commitment

changes in self concept is linked to greater emphasis on...

social virtues

higher self esteem; feel more in control of life

identity achieved and moratorium

depend on others for self-esteem; fear rejection

foreclosure

low self esteem, prone to depression and behavior problems

long term diffusion

identity achievement

commitment to values, beliefs, and goals

identity foreclosure

committing to values and goals without exploring alternatives

identity moratorium

exploration without having reached commitment

identity diffusion

lacks clear direction

what is linked to higher self esteem, academic motivation, school performance, and resilience?

secure ethnic identity

what is acculturative stress?

stress due to the adaptation of a new culture

what is discrimination?

prejudicial treatment based on race, age, or sex

what are the two main factors that can pose challenges to securing ethnic identity?

acculturative stress and discrimination

what are factors supporting ethnic identity achievement?

Effective parenting and family ethnic pride, Schools supporting native language and right to quality education, Same-ethnicity peers & Bicultural identity

making it through all stages of moral development is...

gradual and most people do not make it to the post conventional stage

parent adolescent relationships and effective parenting...

deidealizes parents

Balancing autonomy-granting with monitoring and throughout adolescence, the quality of the parent-child relationship is the single most consistent predictor of mental health are factors of...

effective parenting

the main characteristic of adolescent friendship is that they..

value intimacy

dating goals change with..

age

_________ is linked too drug use, sex, delinquency, poor academic achievement, and dating violence

too early dating

what is the most common psychological problem?

depression

parental depression, learned helplessness, and negative life events are linked to...

adolescent depression

adolescent depression is...

moderately heritable

gender, ethnicity, family environment, sexual orientation, belief in the personal fable, and triggering negative life events are all linked to..

suicide

what rises over adolescence and declines in early twenties?

delinquent youths

lack of supervision, parenting, marital transitions, gender, and SES are all related to...

delinquent youths

what is the main strategy to prevent adolescent delinquency?

parental communication, monitoring, and discipline strategies

telomere

DNA at the end of a chromosome

life circumstances..

hasten shortening

telomerase

prevents chromosome shortening

what prompts gain in telomerase

positive lifestyle changes

telomere shortens with each..

duplication

in the random events theory..

combination is possible

this organ has few resting changes, but reduced performance under stressful exercise

§ Hypertension, atherosclerosis

heart

this organ includes: maximum vital capacity declines after age 25 (10% per decade) connective tissue stiffens with age, making breathing harder with age

lungs

food intake and proportion control are linked to..

record keeping

the biggest attribute to keeping weight off is..

social support

what helps reduce fat, builds muscle, boosts immune system, resistance to illness/disease including risk of breast/colon cancer, promotes cardiovascular functioning, & has mental health benefits

exercise

exercise leads to..

a longer life

young adult use of other tobacco forms has...

increased

what is the single most preventable cause of death in industrialized nations

cigarette smoking

pruning of synapses, growth and myelination of stimulated neural fibers and fine-tuning of prefrontal cognitive-control network helps with..

cognitive development

dividing into right and wrong (believe everything they are told)

dualistic thinking

multiple truths (diversity of opinion)

relativistic thinking

Making a permanent commitment to intimate partner

Giving up some independence, redefining identity

Secure identity associated with fidelity

Fosters favorable friendship and work relationships

intimacy

Hesitant to form close ties

Fear of losing identity: competitive, rejecting of differences, threatened by closeness

isolation

intense sexual attraction (beginning)

passionate love

warm, trusting affection

companionate love

concern for the other's well being

compassionate love

what determines if a relationship will survive or not when moving from passionate to companionate love...

commitment

what is an important feature of good communication in a romantic relationship?

constructive conflict resolution

how many adolescents leave home and return briefly?

50%

what is the most consistent predictor of marital stability?

age

Clear division of roles

Woman: cares for husband, children, home

Man: head of household, economic support

traditional marriages

Partners as equal

Share authority

Balance in attention to jobs, children, home, spouse

Most well-educated women expect this form of marriage

Attitudes associated with women doing less housework; not compensated for by men's housework hours

egalitarian marriages

what are the major concerns when deciding to have children?

loss of freedom, role overload, readiness, and financial costs

what is the preferred mode of entry into marriage among young Americans?

cohabitation

are gay and lesbian parents as committed to and effective as heterosexual parents?

yes

benefits of families with small children

expanded emotional capabilities, more meaningful life, and greater psychological well-being

epistemic cognition

reflection on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas