TRANSCULTURAL Midterms 1st Sem 4th Yr

In Australia, this type of medical approach allows the doctor or nurse to decide what is best for the patient, usually applied only in emergency situations.

Paternalistic approach

In Japan, this same approach can result in women lacking autonomy to make decisions about antenatal tests and delivery modes.

Paternalistic approach in Japan

According to WHO, pregnant women in developing countries should have at least this number of antenatal care visits.

Four (4) ANC visits

The traditional antenatal schedule in Australia recommends a total of this number of visits.

Fourteen (14) ANC visits

In Australia, pregnant women are referred immediately to antenatal care by their general practitioners as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. What does “STAT” mean in this context?

Immediate referral after pregnancy confirmation

In some countries, women delay antenatal care and may attend only at the end of the first trimester or later. What cultural or systemic issue does this represent?

Late initiation of antenatal care

This birthing practice, common in Australia, encourages women to stay out of bed and move around during labor.

Active labor

In many other countries, this practice—allowing women to move freely during labor—is not commonly encouraged.

Limited mobility during labor

In Japan and similar countries, childbirth is viewed as a natural process and is often conducted without this kind of medical intervention.

Drug-free labor pain management

In Japan, this hygiene practice is culturally prohibited for seven days after childbirth.

Showering and washing hair

In Australian birth centers, mothers are usually discharged after this short duration following a normal birth.

24 hours

In Japan, mothers typically stay in the hospital for this much longer duration after a normal delivery.

Seven (7) days

In Sudan, postpartum checkups are often attended by only a small proportion of women, primarily due to what reason?

Postpartum complications

In Taiwan, mothers can stay in these specialized facilities that offer recovery and newborn care after childbirth.

Commercial confinement centers

In most developing countries, cesarean sections (CS) are conducted only under this condition.

Emergency procedure

In Australia, this surgical procedure—performed after childbirth to restore a woman’s genital closure—is prohibited.

Re-infibulation

In Sudan, women who were de-infibulated for childbirth are often subjected to this traditional but harmful practice afterward.

Re-infibulation after delivery

In Australia, postpartum women are referred to their general practitioners for this type of counseling and planning.

In Australia, postpartum women are referred to their general practitioners for this type of counseling and planning.

In countries such as Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Sudan, women may be provided with contraceptive advice and a one-month supply of contraceptives upon discharge. What type of care does this represent?

Postpartum contraceptive provision

In many developing countries, these common baby-care items are not widely available, leading mothers to use traditional alternatives.

Disposable nappies

In the Philippines, cultural tradition discourages early physical activity after childbirth due to this period of rest and recovery.

Confinement period

In some cultures, women observe this postnatal period involving rest and restricted activity to promote healing and prevent complications.

Confinement

This country restricts the determination of fetal sex through ultrasound, making it illegal to reveal whether the baby is male or female.

India

In certain provinces of China, there is a cultural or medical tendency to perform this diagnostic procedure excessively during pregnancy.

Overuse of ultrasound (UTZ)

In Ethiopia, hospitalization for childbirth is only allowed when a woman’s cervix reaches this stage of dilation.

In Ethiopia, hospitalization for childbirth is only allowed when a woman’s cervix reaches this stage of dilation.

If an Ethiopian woman arrives at the hospital with insufficient cervical dilation, what is she typically instructed to do?

Return home until labor progresses

The absence of postpartum support groups, lactation consultations, and other maternal assistance programs characterizes this condition in many developing nations.

Lack of postpartum support services

In some developing countries, genetic testing, amniocentesis, and ultrasound scans are often unavailable, reflecting this limitation in prenatal care.

Limited range of ANC investigations

In Ethiopia and other African nations, women are admitted to maternity departments without any requirement for additional documents or fees. What cultural policy does this reflect?

Open admission policy

Maria gives birth in Japan and is advised not to shower or wash her hair for seven days. Which cultural belief is being observed?

Postpartum hygiene restriction

A woman in Australia moves around freely during labor, guided by her nurse to promote natural progression of birth. What practice does this represent?

Active labor practice

In Ethiopia, a mother arrives at the hospital at 2 cm dilation and is told to go home and return later. What hospitalization rule does this follow?

Minimum cervical dilation requirement of 3–4 cm

A Filipino mother avoids household chores for several weeks after giving birth, following cultural advice to avoid illness. What tradition is this?

Confinement period

A new mother in Sudan who underwent de-infibulation during childbirth is subjected again to genital closure by her community midwife. What harmful traditional practice is this?

Re-infibulation

An Australian mother is discharged 24 hours after giving birth, while a Japanese mother stays for seven days. What cultural difference does this demonstrate?

Variation in hospital stay duration after normal birth

A woman from India undergoes an ultrasound scan, but the technician refuses to tell her the baby’s gender. What legal restriction is being observed?

Ban on fetal sex determination

In Sudan, few women attend postpartum checkups because many experience health issues and lack access to care. What does this situation reflect?

Low postpartum attendance due to complications

After giving birth in Taiwan, a mother stays in a hotel-like center that provides food, rest, and baby care assistance. What facility is this?

Commercial confinement center

During a hospital orientation, a student nurse observes that no fathers are allowed inside the delivery room in an Arabic country. What cultural practice is this an example of?

Exclusion of men from the labor ward

A culturally competent approach where a healthcare provider ensures language barriers do not hinder maternity care by arranging language assistance.

Providing an interpreter

The type of information that must be discussed with a pregnant woman to help her understand maternity services, care models, and the range of options available.

Maternity care models and services

A strategy to support informed decision-making by giving educational materials in the woman's preferred dialect or mother tongue.

Providing printed information in the woman’s own language

A reassuring communication approach emphasizing that the woman has the right to choose her preferred model of care or type of birth intervention.

A reassuring communication approach emphasizing that the woman has the right to choose her preferred model of care or type of birth intervention.

A woman from a culturally and linguistically diverse background feels anxious and stressed due to her inability to follow her fasting and dietary practices during pregnancy. This stressor is related to ______.

Non-compliance with cultural or religious practices

A pregnant woman becomes anxious during her hospital stay because her attending physician is male, which contradicts her cultural beliefs. This stressor arises from the ______.

Gender of the health practitioner

A culturally sensitive measure where the nurse ensures that meals prepared for a Muslim pregnant woman meet her religious dietary laws.

Provision of Halal dietary requirements

During prenatal care, a nurse explains that certain medications contain animal-derived ingredients like heparin, but plant-based alternatives are available. This demonstrates cultural awareness of ______.

Use of animal-derived and plant-derived preparations

A healthcare action ensuring that a woman fully understands why she needs to be admitted to the hospital and what procedures may be done if necessary.

Explaining the purpose of hospital admission and possible interventions

A woman from a non-English-speaking background has difficulty understanding her condition and becomes stressed during labor. This situation highlights the importance of ______.

Proper explanation of management plans

A policy that ensures modesty and comfort for culturally sensitive patients by assigning a healthcare provider of the same gender during consultations and emergencies.

Same-gender policy

A nurse refers a pregnant woman with gestational diabetes to an endocrinologist for further evaluation and care. This action follows the principle of ______.

Referral to additional pregnancy services

In cases of culturally diverse patients, this professional service can be arranged to improve understanding and communication during maternity care discussions.

Interpreter service

A woman expresses fear of undergoing a cesarean section because she believes her soul might be lost if it is performed. This belief is commonly observed among ______ women.

Hmong women

A Japanese pregnant woman declines a cesarean section, stating it will cause her great physical burden during recovery. This reflects ______ attitudes toward CS.

Cultural perception of cesarean section as burdensome

Some women from high HIV-prevalence countries may fear cesarean sections due to the risk of infection from ______.

Blood transfusion

A cultural or religious refusal of blood transfusions even during life-threatening situations such as surgical delivery.

Religious objection to blood transfusion

A country-specific belief where cesarean sections are strictly reserved for emergency situations rather than elective procedures.

Practice in most developing countries

Before delivery, a woman with a history of female genital mutilation is informed that cesarean section is not routinely performed for her condition unless medically indicated. This demonstrates cultural competence in managing ______.

FGM and cesarean section considerations

A healthcare provider explains to a patient that because she has had a previous cesarean section and is currently carrying twins, she is not eligible for a midwifery-led birth. This explanation covers ______.

Eligibility for modes of delivery

A communication process where the nurse clarifies the difference between an elective cesarean section and an emergency cesarean section.

Providing information about modes of delivery

During labor, the healthcare provider discusses the possible need for a forceps delivery, explaining its purpose, benefits, and potential complications. This demonstrates adherence to ______.

Informed discussion before emergency interventions

A nurse discusses surgical complications, including cases where no resuscitation may be performed, to ensure that the woman understands the full scope of medical decisions. This conversation relates to ______.

Discussion of surgical procedure complications

A woman who had a previous cesarean section is informed that a normal vaginal birth can still be safely achieved if properly managed. This reflects maternity guidance in ______.

Australia

A woman with FGM undergoes vaginal delivery and afterward requires vulvar reconstruction. This describes a post-birth procedure known as ______.

Afterbirth vulva restructuring

A nursing measure that encourages women to express their preference and reasons for declining a recommended mode of delivery.

Eliciting the woman’s preference regarding delivery mode

A culturally safe nursing practice where a woman’s anxiety about her pregnancy complications is reduced through clear explanations and cultural respect.

Proper management plan communication

A type of culturally sensitive advice where the healthcare provider ensures women understand the purpose and potential outcomes of different maternity interventions.

Practical advice for informed choice

A nurse who ensures a woman’s comfort by offering culturally acceptable meal options and referring her to additional pregnancy support services demonstrates ______.

Holistic, culturally sensitive maternity care

A woman in labor refuses cesarean section due to her cultural belief that her soul will leave her body during surgery. What culturally appropriate nursing intervention should be prioritized?

Use of an interpreter and detailed explanation of the procedure

A woman from a migrant background does not visit a clinic because she does not understand what health services are available to her. This barrier is known as ______.

Lack of awareness

Some women from CALD backgrounds do not access maternity care because they are unfamiliar with their own healthcare needs. This factor is described as ______.

Lack of knowledge

Lack of knowledge

Doubt about eligibility

A woman avoids visiting a maternity clinic due to her fear that medical fees may be too expensive for her to afford. This reflects ______.

Fear of service cost

A language barrier that prevents women from properly explaining their health concerns or understanding medical instructions is called ______.

Poor English language skills

Some women from culturally diverse backgrounds are discouraged from attending childbirth education classes because interpreters are unavailable. This is an example of ______.

Lack of interpreting services

A woman refuses to attend a prenatal class after learning that male participants will be present, as she feels embarrassed. This cultural factor is termed ______.

Discomfort with men participants

A refugee woman refuses mental health assistance because she believes the service providers cannot be trusted. This barrier is described as ______.

Lack of trust

A nurse explains to a patient that childbirth classes and diabetes education are free and government-subsidized. This intervention addresses the barrier of ______.

Fear of cost

The nurse provides details on when, where, and how to access emergency care and specialist services during pregnancy. This is an example of ______.

Informing women about available health services

A culturally competent nurse offers to help a patient schedule her antenatal appointment because the woman is unfamiliar with the booking process. This demonstrates ______.

Assistance with appointment booking

Before referring a woman to a health program, the midwife explains the purpose and possible benefits of attending. This step reflects ______.

Discussing the purpose and benefits of referral

The nurse respectfully asks the woman why she is hesitant to use certain services, in order to understand her cultural perspective. This nursing action demonstrates ______.

Eliciting reasons for service refusal

A health procedure performed during pregnancy to monitor and improve both maternal and infant health outcomes.

Antenatal testing

In Australia and other developed countries, this diagnostic procedure involves withdrawing amniotic fluid to check for fetal abnormalities.

Amniocentesis

Some women refuse a glucose tolerance test because they must fast, which conflicts with their cultural or personal beliefs. This reflects ______.

Some women refuse a glucose tolerance test because they must fast, which conflicts with their cultural or personal beliefs. This reflects ______.

A test that involves analyzing a woman’s blood to determine her health status and to identify whether she is a carrier of genetic conditions.

Full Blood Examination (FBE)

A professional service offered to women and their partners to help them understand the risks and inheritance patterns of genetic conditions.

Genetic counselling

Individuals of Chinese, Southeast Asian, Middle Eastern, Indian, African, or Pacific ancestry are at higher risk of this inherited blood disorder.

Alpha thalassaemia

A hereditary condition prevalent among people from the Middle East, Southern Europe, and India that affects hemoglobin production.

Beta thalassaemia

A genetic blood disorder commonly found in individuals of African, Caribbean, and Middle Eastern ancestry.

Sickle cell disease

A laboratory finding that may indicate a woman carries a gene for thalassaemia or another inherited condition, prompting further testing for her partner.

Carrier detection through Full Blood Examination

A familial pattern often observed in parts of Asia, the Middle East, and Northern Africa, where marriage between relatives slightly increases the risk of birth defects.

Consanguinity

A consanguineous couple who are first cousins have approximately a 5–6% chance of having a child with a genetic condition or birth anomaly. This describes the ______.

Genetic risk associated with first-cousin marriage

When both parents and grandparents come from consanguineous unions, the probability of birth defects or anomalies significantly increases due to ______.

Multigenerational consanguinity

The term referring to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or injury to the female genital organs for non-therapeutic reasons.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)

This type of female genital mutilation involves the partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce.

Type I FGM (Clitoridectomy or Suna)

This type of FGM involves partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora.

Type II FGM (Excision)

This type of FGM involves narrowing of the vaginal opening by creating a covering seal through cutting and positioning the labia, with or without excision of the clitoris.

Type III FGM (Infibulation)

This type includes all other harmful procedures to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping, or cauterization.

Type IV FGM

The most common age period during which female genital mutilation is performed.

Infancy or childhood