03 - Precolonial Philippines

subalit higit pa sa isang sakayan ang bangka

what did abrera (2005) say?

barangay

the sociopolitical unit/community of precolonial philippines

barangay

An early settlement in the Philippines was referred to as ____, a

Tagalog word originally meaning “boat,” referring to a boatload of related

people, their dependents, and their slaves (Abinales and Amoroso 2017)

Tagalog, boat

An early settlement in the Philippines was referred to as barangay, a

____ word originally meaning “____,” referring to a boatload of related

people, their dependents, and their slaves (Abinales and Amoroso 2017)

An early settlement

____ in the Philippines was referred to as barangay, a

Tagalog word originally meaning “boat,” referring to a boatload of related

people, their dependents, and their slaves (Abinales and Amoroso 2017)

datu, following of a datu

These kinship groups were led by a ____, hence “barangay” also meant the

____, a political community defined by personal attachment,

not territorial location (ibid)

barangay

The ____ settled together in a community ranging from 30 to 100

households, and through subdivision, many were still that size when the

Spanish arrived in the 16th century (ibid)

30 to 100

The barangay settled together in a community ranging from ____

households, and through subdivision, many were still that size when the

Spanish arrived in the 16th century (ibid)

ilaya

means upland communities

ilawud

means coastal communities

bayan/banwa

means a network of communities or barangays

many polities

There are ____ in Southeast Asia that are

independent from each other.

trade and alliance (sanduguan/kasi-kasi, marriage)

Southeast Asian polities were connected through ____ and ____ like a network

maritime travel (bangka; paglalayag)

Trade and communication among southeast asian polities is possible through ____

southeast asian polities

It is considered as a crossroad region where “local and

foreign ideas, goods, and people interact to produce

cultural and social change” (Abinales and Amoroso, 2017).

crossroad region

southeast asian polities are considered as a ____ where “local and foreign ideas, goods, and people interact to produce cultural and social change” (Abinales and Amoroso, 2017).

regional network

southeast asian polities are a ____ network

sanduguan/kasi-kasi and marriage

these are the methods in which alliances are formed in precolonial philippines

expound on the sociopolitical body of a barangay (english, tagalog, visayan)

maginoo/kadatuan

the ruling class in a barangay where the datu belongs

barangay, datu

the maginoo/kadatuan is the ruling class in a ____ where the ____ belongs

maginoo/kadatuan

the relatives of the datu also belong to this class

lineage, wealth, number of servants and subjects, physical prowess

the basis of datus right to rule include ____

basis of datus right to rule

lineage, wealth, number of servants and subjects, physical prowess are all examples of ____

datu

the function of this figure includes governing his people, settling disputes, protecting from enemies, leading them in battle

governing his people, settling disputes, protecting from enemies, leading them in battle

these are the function of datus

datu, hari, rajah, sultan (Muslim)

in philippine languages, a local leader is called ____, ____, ____, ____

binukot

in philippine languages, a secluded woman is called a ____

maginoo/kadatuan

the datus are a part of this category of the sociopolitical body

maharlika/timawa

the source of status of this sociopolitical body include:

• offspring of timawa parents

• offspring of a datu with a maharlika/alipin (non-datu)

• payment of debt (if coming from alipin)

• offspring of timawa parents

• offspring of a datu with a maharlika/alipin (non-datu)

• payment of debt (if coming from alipin)

the sources of status for a maharlika/timawa

maharlika/timawa

they give allegiance to a datu and pays tribute

(buhis/handug)

maharlika / timawa give allegiance to a datu and pays tribute (____)

maharlika/timawa

they have the right to use a piece of land for agricultural purposes

maharlika/timawa

this sociopolitical body includes warriors (hangaway) or spirit leaders (babaylan/katalonan)

hangaway, babaylan/katalonan

the maharlika/timawa includes warriors (____) or spirit leaders (____)

alipin/oripun

their source of status include:

• Offspring of alipin parents

• Captivity/Debt

• Offspring of alipin parents

• Captivity/Debt

the sources of status for alipin/oripun

alipin/oripun

they are obligated to render labor/service to their master as payment

labor/services

the alipin/oripun are obligated to render ____ to their master as payment

precolonial visayans

this pertains to the attire of pre-colonial ____

precolonial tagalogs

this pertains to the attire of pre-colonial ____

boxer codex

a late 16th century spanish manuscript produced in the philippines; contained colored illustrations of the people of china, philippines, japan, java, etc.

animism

Refers to ontologies or worldviews which assign agency and

personhood to human and non-human beings alike (Arhem

and Sprenger 2016)

animism

babaylan/katalonan is integral to this belief system

animism

pag-aanito is integral to this belief system

babaylan/katalonan

spirit leaders; most of them are female but sometimes male

pag-aanito

a sacrificial ritual performed by a babaylan

bangka (in manunggul jar)

this symbolism is very central to animism

kaluluwa

the belief that everything has a soul (linawa and alimaduan)

linawa and alimaduan

in animism, kaluluwa is the belief that everything has a soul (____ and ____)

anito

in animism, the person will pray to his ancestor (____) if they should sail. if the boat swayed (kibang) then it means good luck. this refers to

kibang/guibang

in animism, the person will pray to his ancestor (anito) if they should sail. if the boat swayed (____) then it means good luck. this refers to

good luck

in animism, the person will pray to his ancestor (anito) if they should sail. if the boat swayed (kibang) then it means ____. this refers to

bacalag

in animism, the boat will be rolled over several logs and at the end was an enslaved captive. this will bring good fortune for the boat. this practice is called ____

several logs, enslaved captive

in animism, the boat will be rolled over ____ and at the end was an ____. this will bring good fortune for the boat

Bangka as Burial Jar: The boat accompanies the soul of

the dead person to the afterlife.

in animism, what does the boat symbolize in terms of death

buyo/nganga

filipino term for betel-nut chewing

buyo/nganga

this is used for socialization, hospitality, romantic invitation

socialization, hospitality, romantic invitation

the uses of buyo/nganga (betel-nut chewing) in precolonial philippines

tobacco (betel-nut), buyo (betel-nut leaf), apog (lime), bonga (betel-nut)

the components of buyo/nganga

bigaykaya, panghihimuyat, pasusu

this refers to the offering given by the husband to the wifes family

tubo (interest)

“If one lends another rice and a year passes without the debt being paid, since rice is something that is planted, if it is not repaid in the first year of sowing, double the amount of the loan must be paid in the second year, and four times the third, and so on at this rate. This alone is their way of taking interest. Some indeed give a different account of it, but they have not well understood the matter.” this refers to what early mathematical idea

“If one lends another rice and a year passes without the debt being paid, since rice is something that is planted, if it is not repaid in the first year of sowing, double the amount of the loan must be paid in the second year, and four times the third, and so on at this rate. This alone is their way of taking interest. Some indeed give a different account of it, but they have not well understood the matter.”

how did the precolonial filipinos handle tubo (interest)

taon

in precolonial philippines, this is the basic unit of temporal change or expression of time

taon

this means year or 365.25 days

pagkakataon

this means opportunity

nagkataon

this means by chance

nataon

this means to occur at the same time

mataon

this means to occur at the same time by chance

itinaon

this means to set or to schedule

maitaon

this means to be able to set or to schedule at the same time

decimal system

early mathematical idea in precolonial philippines that pertains to how numbers were countedD

decimal system for numbers 1-20 (tagalog and cebuano)

isang daan

old tagalog word for isang daan

‘Sang libo

old tagalog word for isang libo or isang mil

‘Sang laksa

old tagalog word for sampung libo

‘Sang yuta

old tagalog word for isang daang libo

‘Sang angaw angaw

old tagalog word for isang milyon

‘Sang kati

old tagalog word for sampung milyon

‘Sang bahala

old tagalog word for isang daang milyon

spanish colonialism (spread of western decimal system)

why are some words in the decimal system (e.g. sang libo, sang laksa, maykatlong isa, etc.) not used anymore in modern filipino

decimal system for numbers 20-29 (old tagalog)

mga bituin sa mga talampad at konstelasyon

Binuo [ng mga sinaunang Pilipino] ang ____ mula sa mga bagay na minamahalaga nila sa kanilang pang-araw-araw na buhay at mitolohiyo (Ambrosio 2010, 161).

bagay na minamahalaga nila sa kanilang pang-araw-araw na buhay at mitolohiyo

Binuo [ng mga sinaunang Pilipino] ang mga bituin sa mga talampad at konstelasyon mula sa mga ____ (Ambrosio 2010, 161).

balatik

equivalent of orion in tagalog, bagobo, antique, maguindanao, bikol languages

balatic

equivalent of orion in magahat, bilaan languages

batik

equivalent of orion in jama mapun, sama languages

bayatik

equivalent of orion in mandaya language

belatik

equivalent of orion in manobo language

philippine ethnoastronomy

Binuo [ng mga sinaunang Pilipino] ang mga bituin sa mga talampad at konstelasyon mula sa mga bagay na minamahalaga nila sa kanilang pang-araw-araw na buhay at mitolohiyo (Ambrosio 2010, 161). this is a concept involving ____

balatik

this means pig spear trap

orion

this means hunter

expound on how islam spread and the map it took to spread out

gujarat, india

before it proliferated in southeast asia, where did islam come from

tarsilas

this is a historical source for muslims in the philippines

tarsilas

these are genealogical accounts of sultans and datus that are

used as historical sources in Filipino Muslim history.

sultans, datus

tarsilas are genealogical accounts of ____and ____ that are

used as historical sources in Filipino Muslim history.

13th century

muslim traders and missionaries frequented in southeast asia at around what period

Karim ul-Makhdum,

Muslim missionary and preacher, established

a mosque in Simunul, Tawi-Tawi in 1380