STATS LESSON 2 send the flood!!!!!!!

THIS IS JUST ONE TOPIC?@!@$?@#!$?

took form in the Uruk period around the 4th millennium BC

Sumerian Civilization

continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods.

Sumerian Civilization

The ancient Sumerians, the […] lived in the southern part of what is now […].

black headed ones
Iraq

The heartland of Sumer lay between the […] and […] rivers, in what the Greeks later called […].

Tigris, Euphrates, Mesopotamia

Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more,

SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION

considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it.

Sumerians

It is considered the most significant among the many cultural contributions of the Sumerians and the greatest among those of the Sumerian city of Uruk

Cuneiform

using the number 60 as base, system of counting and a form of place notation.

Sexagesimal

Mountain of god, served as the sacred place of their chief god.

Ziggurats

• They were originally used by potters to help shape clay.
  

• a machine used in the shaping (known as throwing) of clay into round ceramic ware.

Potter’s wheel

the greatest mechanical invention of all time that was invented around 4200 to 4000 BCE.

Wheeled vehicle made of solid wooden wheels on axles

- made up of assorted botanical, zoological and mineralogical ingredients.

Materia medica

designed to utilize domestic animals as a means of easing the workload on farmers.

seed plow

a log with a sail on it then it evolved to reeds.

sail boat

first to use sailboats

mesopotamian ubaid culture (modern day iraq)

shape the paths the water took. block the water and force it to collect in pools they had built. The water was stored in these reservoirs for later use.

Intricate system of canals, dikes and reservoir

the first BIGGEST true city in the world.

the city of uruk

The ancient babilonians splitted the circle into […] degrees

360

[…] was used for practical mathematical and observational purposes

Zodiacal map of Sumer

oldest surviving law in the world. It is the earliest existing legal text

Code of Ur-Nammu

Sumerians were the first to use […], one of the earliest […] metals, as early as 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. They were able to make arrow heads, razors and harpoons, and later chisels, vessels and jugs

copper. non-precious

ancient region bordering the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Southern Iraq).

Babylonia

the capital which is also famous of its impenetrable walls

Babylon (GATE OF THE GODS)

a sprawling, heavily-populated city with enormous walls and multiple palaces and temples

babylonia

“[…] of Babylon” and the […] was ordered by […]

Hanging Gardens/Isthar Gate/Nebuchadnezzar

They adopted the Sumerian sexagesimal system of counting in units, Ziggurat and cuneiform.

babylonians

fractions, squares and square roots

babylonians

a simple but adequate system of double-entry accounting.

Book-keeping,

concept of horoscope

zodiac signs

Jewelry making originated in […]

babylonia

A collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice. The death penalty for falsely accusing another person of a capital crime

Code of Hammurabi

first map from 900 BC to 801 BC

The Babylonian Map of the World

The Egyptian writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as […], representing individual objects or actions.

hieroglyphics

They wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds.

egyptians

[…] studies the heavens to record time, calculate distances/directions, forecast the seasons and predict annual flooding of the Nile river.

ancient egyptians

The earliest Egyptian calendar was based on their observations of the regular appearance and disappearance of […] the brightest star in their horizon which coincide with the annual rise and fall of the […].

Sirius. Nile river.

Another calender was based on the […], consisting of […] and […] days. The first 365-day calendar was possibly devised by […] around 4236 BC.

phases of the moon. 29. 1/2. IMHOTEP

a conical earthen vessel with hours equally marked off on the inside and spout at the bottom

waterclock

Nobles, men and women wore […], they used a variety of preparations for the hair such as […].

wigs. henna.

Egyptians used […] to remove unwanted body hair

tweezers and razors

Eygptians wore […] around the eyes to prevent or even cure eye diseases.

kohl

oldest pyramid in the world

Pyramid of Sakkara or the Step Pyramid of Djoser as Zoser’s tomb and memorial

a stone statue with a king’s head and a lion’s body to guard the pharaoh’s tomb

Great Sphinx

horse driven light war chariots manned by warriors armed with bows, bronze swords and lances.

Egyptian military technology and system

The Egyptians invented and used many simple machines such as […], to aid construction processes

ramp and lever

Egyptians used […] to stiffen the beam of ships

rope trusses

In Hellenistic Egypt, […] was developed.

lighthouse technology

a port for the ships that traded the goods manufactured in Egypt or imported in Egypt.

Lighthouse of Alexandria-

commissioned the building of a massive lighthouse to guide ships into Alexandria and provide a permanent reminder of his power and greatness.

Ptolemy I Soter

destroyed or burnt by Julius Caesar during his civil war in Egypt

Library of Alexandria

a reverential monument, commemorating the dead, representing their kings, and honoring their gods

Obelisks and pillars

archipelago in the Southeastern part of Europe.

Greece

Known as the birthplace of western philosophy.

Greece

Their wise men were the first to systematically separate scientific ideas from superstition and stressed the logical development of general principles or theories about natural phenomena.

Greek Civilization

They designed various mathematical models and mechanical systems to explain the planetary motions, positions and movements on geometrical determinations and logical deductions.

Greek civilization

They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand). That dropped into drums which sounded the alarm.

alarm clock

commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing

watermills

made the first steps for the advancement of the science of anatomy.

galen

He is the first physician to use the pulse as a sign of illness

galen

FATHER of ANATOMY

galen

“Father of Greek Medicine”

hippocrates

First to regard medicine as a science apart from religion.

hippocrates

He taught that diseases have natural causes and that somehow the human body is capable of healing or repairing itself

hippocrates

said that nature was a mixture of four elements: earth, fire, air and water.

empedocles

Father of Philosophy

thales of miletus

taught that nature was composed of or convertible into water.

thales of miletus

matter was composed of countless tiny particles, each made of dominant substances such as water mixed with other random substances.

anaxagoras

proved the importance of critical observation and systematic means to identify and classify organisms

aristotle

perfected geometry, as a single logical system.

THALES, PYTHAGORAS AND EUCLID

performed experiments which led him to discover the laws of lever and the pulley.

archimedes

invented the science of hydrostatics (measurement and use of water power)

archimedes

made planetarium powered by water to demonstrate the movements of the sun and planets around the stationary earth.

archimedes

gravity & bouyancy

archimedes

wrote the Almagest, wherein he presented his ideas and summarized those of the earlier Greek astronomers about the universe.

Ptolemy

postulated the geocentric theory of the universe

ptolemy

perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west

cradle of politics and governance.

Roman Civilization

One of the major contributions of the Romans is the […]-contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people, made […] or[…]and then publicly displayed.

newspaper-Gazettes. metal. stone tablets

The ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first[…]

books or codex

They constructed the […] as one of the world’s greatest domed buildings and […], Rome’s stage for individual gladiatorial contest which held 50,000 spectators.

Pantheon. Colosseum

Chariot races and gladiatorial fights were held at Rome’s principal stadium,

Circus Maximus

[…] first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance. But evidence points towards […] as its inventor.

Marcus Vitruvius. Archimedes

one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world.

Anaximander

rocky peninsula in Southwestern Asia.

THE ARABIC/ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

The Arabs interest in the pseudoscience of […] encouraged them to mix and manipulate chemical elements and conduct experiments to transform base metals into […].

alchemy. gold

Arabs were the first to use glass lens for magnification called […]

NIMRUD LENS

First to manufacture the black powder

Arabs

They produced the first gun- a bamboo tube reinforced with iron that used a charge of black powder to shoot an arrow.

arabs

It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia.

It is also known as the middle kingdom, located on the far east of Asia.

Chinese Civilization

first known Chinese writing which was discovered incised on flat shoulder bones of cattle or on tortoises shells

“oracle bone”

basic device used to regulate clocks

escapement

The Chinese had one of the most advanced systems of […]- discovery of healing drugs and herbs

pharmacology

They also practice […]- was used to treat illnesses or pain by pricking the patient’s body with needles at points believed to be connected with the visceral organs causing the pain.

apothecaries and acupuncture

Chinese invented the […] to detect earthquake occurrence

earthquake weathercock

Development of […] were invented in China. (4)

calligraphy, water color, painting, block printing

The first […] made from pottery was developed by […].

movable type printer. Pi Sheng

People learned the technology of […] & […] production

silk & tea

mainly in the Northwestern regions of South Asia.

Indus Hindu Civilization

Considered the most remarkable accomplishment of the Indus civilization was the construction […] of its cities which featured […] (that piped water supply) bathrooms and wastepipe or drains in nearly every house.

layout. water wells.

They excelled particularly in medicine and mathematics.

Indus-Hindu

Traditional Indian medication had a very extensive […] and varieties of herbal remedies and drugs

pharmacopoeia