ap bio: unit 2 cell structure and function

cell

basic unit of life

prokaryote

bacteria/archaea

eukaryote

animals/plants

organelle

smaller specialized structures within a cell

endomembrane system

network of internal membranes within a eukaryote

nucleoid

where the nucleus in a prokaryote

nucleus

stores the cells genetic information

nucleur envelope

where the nucleus is in eukaryote

rough endoplasmic reticulum

has ribosomes on it, synthesizes proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticlum

no ribosomes on it function varies but usually synthesizes lipids

golgi apparatus/complex

receives vesicles from ER and modifies them sending them to other organelles or outside the cell

cisternae

the sacs that hold synthesized proteins while in rough ER

cis face

receiving part of the golgi apparatus

trans face

the part of the golgi apparatus where the modified proteins and lipids leave in vesicles

lysosome

contain hydrolytic enzymes and undergo digestion important for autophagy only found in animals

autophagy

cells break down and reuse old material done by lysosomes

apoptosis

when a cell triggers its own death

secretory vesicles

release molecules outside the cell by exocytosis

food vacuole

stores food, not commonly found

central vacuole

only in plants, water storage

contractile vacuole

when some cells are hypotonic the contractile vacuole will fill with water and then expel it out so that the cell doesn’t burst

mitochondria

convert food energy to ATP

cristae

the folds in the membrane of the mitochondria

chloroplast

organelles that undergo photosynthesis only in plants

stroma

fluid inside chloroplastsch

chloropyll

green pigment in a chloroplasts thylakoid membrane that recieves light photons

thylakoids

their membranes hold chlorophyll and are important for light dependent reactions

grana

stacks of thylakoids

ribosomes

they are made in the nucleus and assemble proteins by reading mRNA

cell wall

found in all cells except animals structurally support the cell

cytosol

jelly like part of the cytoplasm

cytoplasm

substance within the cell

cytoskeleton

part of the cytoplasm that holds all the organelles in place

compartmentalization

when the cells have several smaller sections within

endosymbiont theory

explains origin of eukar