Unit 7: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments

Nationalism

Strong identification with one's own nation and support for its interests

Imperialism

Policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

Second Industrial Revolution

Phase of rapid industrial development in the late 19th century

AP Exam

Standardized test for college credit in the Advanced Placement program

Crowdcast

Platform for live video Q&A sessions and webinars

Marco Learning

Educational company offering student support and resources

Revolutions of 1848

Simultaneous revolutions in European nations in 1848, mostly unsuccessful

Age of Metternich

Period of conservative rule in Europe from 1815 to 1848

Crimean War

Conflict between Russia and an alliance of France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European powers to restore political stability after the Napoleonic Wars

Concert System

Diplomatic arrangement among major powers to maintain the status quo

Liberalism

Political ideology emphasizing individual rights, liberty, and equality

Nationalists

Advocates for the interests and culture of a specific nation

Socialists

Supporters of social ownership and democratic control of the means of production

Radical Democrats

Advocates for extensive political reform and equality, often through direct democracy

Chartists

British reform movement advocating for political and social rights for working-class men

Property Qualifications

Requirements for property ownership to participate in voting

Conservatives

Political faction favoring traditional institutions and cautious change

Great Powers

Major European nations with significant global influence

Italian Unification

Process of consolidating various states into the single nation of Italy

Bourbons

European royal family with influence in France, Spain, and Italy

Hungarian Revolt

Uprising in Hungary against Austrian rule during the Revolutions of 1848

Romanian Revolution of 1848

Uprising in Romania for independence from the Ottoman Empire

Tri-color Flag

Flag with three vertical stripes symbolizing republicanism

Progressive Reforms

Changes aimed at improving society and government

Ottoman Victory

Success of Ottoman troops in suppressing the Romanian Revolution of 1848

Independence

Freedom from external control or rule

Ottoman Empire

Powerful empire in late 17th century besieging Vienna, with influence in the Balkans.

Vienna

City in Austria besieged by the Ottomans in the late 1600s.

Balkan Peninsula

Region where the Ottomans had control through vassal states post-1453.

Eastern Question

Dilemma of the declining Ottoman Empire and its impact on European stability.

Bismarck

Architect of German unification and the alliance system, a key figure leading to World War I.

German Confederation

Created by the Congress of Vienna, later transformed into a German super state by Bismarck.

Garibaldi

Key figure in Italian unification alongside Kevore.

Racialism

Belief in racial superiority, contributing to national aggrandizement.

Chauvinism

Warlike patriotism justifying national expansion.

European Jews

Faced acculturation challenges in the 19th century, affected by religious prohibitions.

Test Acts

Laws requiring Anglicanism for government posts, repealed in 1828.

Benjamin Disraeli

British Prime Minister, an ethnic Jew acculturated into Anglicanism.

William Gladstone

Leader of the Liberal Party, Prime Minister of the UK multiple times in the late 19th century.

Mass Politics

Political participation of the masses in the 19th century.

Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland

Gladstone's policy to end state support for the Anglican Church in Ireland.

Secret Ballot

Introduction in the era of mass politics for voting privacy.

Dreyfus Affair

1890s French incident of anti-Semitism and wrongful conviction.

Alfred Dreyfus

French military officer wrongly convicted in the Dreyfus Affair.

Edgar Degas

Impressionist artist known for anti-Semitic views.

Impressionism

Artistic style emphasizing brush strokes and everyday life.

Emile Zola

Author who defended Dreyfus in his article 'J'accuse'.

Zionism

Jewish nationalist movement advocating for a Jewish state.

Theodore Herzl

Father of Zionism, published 'The Jewish State' in 1896

Jewish Question

Issue of Jewish persecution and integration in Europe

Concert of Europe

System maintaining balance of power, ended by Crimean War

French Revolution

Event marking rise of modern nationalism and sovereignty

Napoleon

Champion of French nationalism, influenced by French Revolution

Language Bonds

Invisible connections between people speaking the same language

Labor Parties

Political groups advocating workers' rights through non-violent means

Austria-Hungary

Dual monarchy formed after Austro-Prussian War, diverse ethnic groups

Opium Wars

Conflicts between China and Britain over opium trade

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict where a non-European power defeated Russia

First Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand to machine power, focused on textile production