AP Psych Chapter 10 Personality

personality

personality

Psychological qualities that make an individuals behavior consistent in different situations and different times.

psychoanalysis

Freud’s system of treatment for mental disorders. The term is also used to refer to psychoanalytic theory as well.

unconscious

psychic domain where you are not aware of but holds info/memories that the conscious is not aware of, but they will influence our behavior.

libido

energy that drives us to experience pleasure

thanatos vs. eros

death instinct that drives aggressive and destructive acts that humans commit against each other and themselves. VS…. “mental steam”of the sex drive, can be expressed directly through sexual activity or indirectly through joking or creative pursuits.

ID

Primitive, unconscious, houses basic drives, instinctive desires, acts on impulses, want immediate gratification, only part of personality present at birth.

superego

Values, morals, conscience, should and should nots

ego

conscious, rational, actions gratify ID but do not violate superego

oral stage

pleasure associated with the mouth. sucking, eating

Problems can include smoking, nail-biting

anal stage

pleasure comes from stimulating parts of the body associated with elimination

Problems: messiness, excessive cleanliness, destructiveness, cruelty, coldness

phallic stage

pleasure comes form ”immature” sexual expression such as masturbation

latency stage

quiet period, repression of sexual and aggressive desires, including those involved in theoepedius

genital stage

Final stage, puberty and adulthood, brings mature sexual relationships

oedipus complex

Boys attracted to mother then females their own age, and simultaneously start to develop an identification with their fathers.

identification

Mental process where an individual tries to become like another person

penis envy

female desire to have a penis, because they don’t resulting in an attraction to males.

fixation

occurs when psycho-sexual development is arrested at an immature stage

ego defense mechanism

unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. Deals with conflict between ID and superego.

displacement

This ego defense mechanism involves shifting your reaction from the real source of your distress to a safer individual of object.

projection

When we are upset or aroused, we may use the defense of ______ to attribute our own unconscious desires to other people or objects

rationalization

people using this defense mechanism give socially acceptable reasons for actions that are really based on motives that they believe to be unacceptable

reaction formation

This ego defense mechanism occurs when people act in exact opposition to their true feelings.

transference

repression

unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings for awareness and memory.

projective tests

personality assessment instruments based on Freud’s ego defense mechanismofprojection

collective unconscious

involves a reservoir for instinctive ‘memories’including archetypes.

archetypes

memory images in the collective unconscious. Appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world.

basic anxiety

An emotion proposed by Karen Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment.

neurotic needs

Normal desires taken to extremes

inferiority complex

feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious. Comes from childhood.

compensation

making up for one’s real or imagined deficiencies

central traits

traits that form the basis of personality

secondary traits

preferences and attitudes

cardinal traits

personality components that define people’s lives, very few individuals have them.

self-actualizing personalities

healthy people who have met basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their personalities

reciprocal determinism

a concept that opposes exclusive emphasis on environmental determination of responses and asserts that a reciprocal relationship exists among environment, behavior, and the individual. That is, instead of conceptualizing the environment as a one-way determinant of behavior, ________________ maintains that the environment influences behavior, behavior influences the environment, and both influence the individual, who also influences them. This concept is associated with social learning theory.

fully functioning person

self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality

locus of control

An individual’s sense of where his or her life influences originate

temperament

the basic and pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in the early childhood and that establish the tempo and mood of the individuals behavior.

five-factor theory (the big five)

trait perspective suggests that personality is made of 5 fundamental personality dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

psycho-dynamic theories

call attention to motivation, especially unconscious motives, and the influence of past experiences on our mental health

humanistic theories

emphasize our present, subjective reality; what we believe is important now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others.

social-cognitive theories

research experiments, personality is influenced by learning, perception and social interaction.

psychoanalysis

system of treatment for mental disorders

psychoanalytic theory

theory of personality

psychosexual stages

successive instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times of life.

Rorschach inkblot technique

projective test requiring people to describe what is seen in a series of ten inkblots.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test requiring an individual to make up stories to explain ambiguous pictures.

psychic determination

acts that are determined by unconscious processes involving traumas, desires, or conflicts.

Neo-Freudians

theorists that broke from Freud but their theories retain a psycho-dynamic aspect

personal unconscious

corresponds with ID

traits

stable personality characteristics, guide thoughts and actions under various conditions

phenomenal field

our psychologic reality, composed of one’s perceptions and feelings

positive psychology

focuses on desirable aspects of human functioning as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology

observative learning

the process of learning new responses by watching others behavior

MMPI-2

personality assessment instrument that gives scores on important clinical traits

reliability

attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results

validity

attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what it is being used to measure

MBTI

personality test based on Jungian types

eclectic

switching theories to explain different situations or building one’s own theory of personality from pieces borrowed from many perspectives.

psychic determinism

the position, associated particularly with Sigmund Freud, that mental (psychic) events do not occur by chance but always have an underlying cause that can be uncovered by analysis.

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Four Humors