Katzung Chapter 25: General Anesthetics, Chapter 26: Local anesthetics, and Chapter 27: Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Isoflurane

General anesthetic, volatile liquids

Desflurane

General anesthetic, volatile liquids

Sevoflurane

General anesthetic, volatile liquids

Nitrous oxide

General anesthetic, gas

Malignant hyperthermia

Autosomal dominant genetic disorder of skeletal muscles in individuals undergoing generalized anesthesia with inhaled agents and muscle relaxants, increase of free calcium produces muscle contraction, fever, tachycardia, hyperkalemia, acidosis

Propofol

Intravenous anesthetic, GABAA channel agonist

Midazolam

Short-acting benzodiazepine, GABAA channel allosteric activator, increases frequency of channel openings, preopertaive drug producing anterograde manesia, anxiolysis and sedation

Flumazenil

Competitive antagonist for benzodiazepines at the GABAA channel, reversal agent

Fentanyl

Intravenous anesthetic, synthetic opiate

Nalaxone

Opiate antagonist, reversal agent

Etomidate

Intravenous anesthetic, minimal cardiac and respiratory depressant effects

Ketamine

Inhibits NMDA glutamate channels, produces dissociative anesthesia and may produce emergence phenomena

Emergence phenomena

Disorientation, sensory and perceptual illusions, vivid dreams following anesthesia, euphoria

Dissociative anesthesia

Catatonia, amnesia and analgesia without loss of consciousness

Lidocaine

Local anesthetic, more water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, intermediate acting

Chloroprocaine

Local anesthetic, more water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, short acting

Articaine

Local anesthetic, more water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, intermediate acting

Mepivacaine

Local anesthetic, more water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, intermediate acting

Prilocaine

Local anesthetic, more water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, intermediate acting

Tetracaine

Local anesthetic, less water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, long acting

Ropivacaine

Local anesthetic, less water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, long acting

Bupivacaine

Local anesthetic, less water soluble, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, long acting

Benzocaine

Local anesthetic, lipophilic, block voltage gated sodium channels, higher affinity for activated and inactivated channels, used topically

Cocaine

Local anesthetic, used topically for ear, nose and throat procedures, vasoconstriction limits bleeding

EMLA

Topical anesthtic combination of lidocaine and prilocaine, penetrates keratinized skin

Succinylcholine

Depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Vecuronium

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Cisatracurium

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Rocuronium

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Mivacurium

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Atracurium

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Pancuronium

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant, nicotinic channel antagonist, reversed by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Pyridostigmine

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, reversal agent

Neostigmine

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, reversal agent

Sugammadex

Non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxant reversal agent, binds to free drug in plasma and decreases free concentration

Baclofen

Antispasmodic and spasmolytic agent, GABAB receptor agonist produces hyperpolarization with less sedation and doesn't decrease muscle strength

Tizanadine

Antispasmodic and spasmolytic agent, alpha 2 receptor agonist that inhibits nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord

Dantrolene

Interrupst the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, binds to the ryanodine channel, used to treat malignant hyperthermia

Botulinum toxin

Inhibits the fusion of vesicles containing acetylcholine, neurotoxin that produces local paralysis,

Cyclobenzaprine

Antispsamodic agent for skeletal muscle spasms from trauma or strain, similar to tricyclic antidepressants