CSD 115 Exam #1

Communication

Common system of symbols, signs, or behavior.

What info is exchanged in communication?

Thoughts, ideas, feelings, and emotions

How is comm. info exchanged?

say, sign, text, gestures, body language, facial expressions

The Communication Process

Formulating

Transmitting

Receiving

Comprehending

SLPs

trained to identify, diagnose, treat, and help prevent communicative and swallowing disorders

Audiologists

nonmedical treatment of hearing, balance, and other ear problems

Neurology

Nervous system and nerves

CNS

Brain and Spinal Cord

PNS

Cranial nerves

Spinal Nerves

Autonomic Nervous system (Sympathetic and Parasympathetic system)

What protects CNS?

Bone:

Skull and Spinal Column

Meninges (for brain AND spinal cord:

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Brain includes…

cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

Cerebrum

L and R hemis (Corpus Callosum connects them- allows them to communicate)

Each hemi has four lobes (F, P, T, O)

Gyri, Sulci, Fissures

Left Hemisphere?

SPEECH AND COMM

Primary Motor cortex: voluntary m. movement

Premotor cortex: planning/coordinating mvmt

Prefrontal cortex

BROCA’s AREA- m. control center for speech!

What’s difference between Broca’s and Wernicke’s?

Broca’s in Frontal Lobe, plans speech motor control

Wernicke’s in Temporal, comprehends lang.

Broca’s

Primary Motor Cortex

F. Voluntary M. Mvmt

Premotor

F. Plans/coordinates movement

Prefrontal Cortex

F. Exectutive Functions, behavior, personality

Primary Sensory cortex: RECEIVES

Sensory Association Area: interprets

Sensory specific to pain, touch and temp.

Processing/analyzing somatic sensations

Primary auditory area

Process sound

Comprehend Lang. (WERNICKE’s)

Wernicke’s

Primary Visual Area

Not involved in Speech and Lang

Bellow and to back of cerebrum

Motor coordination, balance, and movement

Abnormalities here could be related to autism/stuttering

Brain Stem

Heart rate, breathing, pupils

PATHWAY for motor and sensory nerves carrying information to and from brain

Pathways CROSS OVER in brainstem!

Top to bottom

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

Spinal Cord

Extension of brain stem

Pathways for neural information

Protected by meninges and spinal column

PNS

12 pairs of cranial nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves

Autonomic Nervous system

Cranial nerves

12 pairs

enter and exit in brainstem

Transmit motor singnals for mvmt of eyes, mouth, lips, tongue, and layrnx

Sensory info: pain, touch, temp

Also carry “special” sensory info: smell, vision, hearing, and taste to brain

Spinal Nerves

31 pairs

Enter and exit at various points along spinal cord

Carry MOTOR and SENSORY info for rest of body

Autonomic Nervous System

Executive Control of Speech and Hearing Steps

1.) Linguistic message created in multiple supporting areas in LEFT hemi

2.) Message carried to Broca’s, where MOTOR PLAN is created to move articulatory ms.

3.) Signals sent to MOTOR CORTEX, then carried to Ms

4.) Signals travel through CEREBELLUM to check/modify for coordination

5.) Them to CRANIAL NERVES for distribution to ms

6.) SPEECH HAPPENS

What are the 4 systems for speech production?

1.) Breathe

2.) Vibration (make sound)

3.) Articulate

4.) Direct air flow (resonate)

Respiratory system

Primary function: breathe

Speech function: source/energy for speech

Where is respiratory system?

In thorax (chest cavity)

Protective System?

Spinal column (back)

Ribs (sides)

sternum (front)

main structures:

Diaphragm

Lungs

Trachea

The lungs are attached to…

diaphragm and ribs

Trachea

2 bronchi, then bronchioles, then alveoli

Lungs

Spongy and elastic

Covered by moist plural sac

pluarl sac binds to rib cage + diaphragm

Diaphragm

Dome/parachute shaped, umbrella like muscle

Boye’s Law

Energy=pressure X volume

Energy in the thorax is…

CONSTANT

Pressure and Volume are…

INVERSELY related

Inhale

Diaphragm flattens and moves DOWN, contracts, stretches lungs down, making them bigger.

Pressure DECREASES

Exhalation

Everything contracts

Diaphragm moves UP

Quiet Breathing

“Breathing for life”

17-19 breaths per minute in adults

Tidal volume

system is ALL OPEN (no constriction)

uses 10-15% of vital capacity

Equal-time: inhalation and exhalation

Tidal Volume

amount of air that enters then exits the lungs during quiet breathing

IRV

Take a deeper breath in

ERV

push more air out

Vital Capacity

IRV + TV + ERV

The amount of air the lungs can hold following max inhalation and max exhalation

Reserve Volume

There’s always some air in our lungs

To produce voice and sound….

RESTRICTED AIR FLOW at VFs and in oral cavity

Speech breathing

usses 25-40% of vital capacity based on loudness level

Quick inhalation- 10% followed by long exhalation (90%)

Laryngeal System- Valve

When open: VFs open

When closed: VFs closed

Speech function:

open=voiceles

closed=vibration=VOICED

Thyroid Cartilage

Largest, Adam’s Apple

Cricoid Cartilage

Under thyroid

Arytenoid

in back

VFs are atatched to arytenoid cartilages

Abductor

Open

Adductor

Closing

VFs

Paired

Attached anteriorly to thyroid

Attached posteriorly to arytenoid cartilages

When open: glottis

Phonemes

Smallest unit of sound distinct from other sounds in word (have to count them on the test) :)

All vowels are…

voiced

What type of babbling is bababa?

Reduplicated

Manana is…

variegated babbling

what describes meaningless combos…

jargon