Inheritance and Reproduction

Alleles

Alleles

Different versions of the same gene

Homozygous

Organism that has two of the same alleles

Heterzygous

Organism that has two different alleles

Genotype

Combination of alleles in an organism

One filial (F1) generation

The first generation of offspring

Dominant

Only one allele is needed

Recessive

Two alleles are needed

Gene locus

Location on a gene

Homologous chromosomes

Two chromsomes in a pair

Second filial (F 2 ) generation

Kids of F1 generation

Phenotype

Physical apperance

Pedigree

Genetic family tree

Test-cross

Crossing alleles to get a certain outcome

Purebreed

Homozygous dominant or rescessive

Hybrid

Heterozygous

Parental (P) generation

Parent alleles

Muntant

Change in DNA

Diploid Cells

Cells that have two complete sets of chromosomes

Haploid Cells

Cells that have one complete set of chromosomes

Gametes

Reproductive cells that are always haploid

Meosis

the specialized cell division that creates haploid gametes from diploid cells.

Zygote

The first cell in a new organism

G1 (Gap) Phase

Growth

S (Synthesis) Phase

Growth and DNA Replication

G2 (Gap) Phase

Growth and final preperation

M (Mitosis) Phase

Nuclues and Cell divide

G0

Cell won’t procced in cycle and divide

Apotosis

Programed cell death

Oncogenes

Results in cell cycle being overstimulated

Loss of function in tumor-suppressor genes

Result in a failure to stop the cell cycle when the cell isn’t ready to divide

Chromatin

The disorganized genetic material of a non-dividing cell that is composed of DNA and histones (protein)

Chromosomes

The organized genetic material of dividng cells that is composed of organized units of chromatin

Chromatid

Each half of a chromosome prior to division

Sister chromatids

Chromatids that are exact copies of one another

Centromere

Point of connection between sister chromatids

Sex Chromosomes

Determine gender

XY

Male

XX

Female

Interphase

Time between cell division

Prophase

Chromatin coils and organizes itself to form chromosomes, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate, spindle fibers form

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up single file along the metaphase plate (equator of the cell)

Anaphase

Sister chromatids seperate and move to the ends of the cell

Telophase

Reverse of prophase, nuclear membrane and nucleolus come back, chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin, spindle fibers disinagrate